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Hello Yiming and Omri</div>
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There is extensive literature on variable subject NP presence in a range of spoken and signed languages within the variationist tradition of sociolinguistics that explores a range of language-internal and language-external factors that influence this variation
- some of this work might interest you. The pattern in which person interacts with pro-drop has been found across a range of languages, including the language that I worked on Auslan (the majority sign language of the Australian deaf community), but in these
cases, it is third person that is more likely to be dropped than first person. </div>
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You can read our work from 2011 here - it makes some links to the wider variationist literature on other languages too. </div>
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<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-variation-and-change/article/variable-subject-presence-in-australian-sign-language-and-new-zealand-sign-language/73A27C556D71FEBFB0382E55D670A4D5">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-variation-and-change/article/variable-subject-presence-in-australian-sign-language-and-new-zealand-sign-language/73A27C556D71FEBFB0382E55D670A4D5</a></div>
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Thanks,</div>
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Adam</div>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);"><b>Adam Schembri (he/him), BA Dip Ed, M.Litt, PhD</b></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);">Professor of Linguistics</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);">Department of Linguistics and Communication</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);">University of Birmingham</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);">Personal website:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(70, 120, 134);"><u><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/adamcschembri/home" title="https://sites.google.com/view/adamcschembri/home" data-outlook-id="11072b41-a236-42ef-ac4d-65cd887f3c0e" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">https://sites.google.com/view/adamcschembri/home</a></u></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);">Recent publications:</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-weight: 700;">Bisnath, F., Lutzenberger, H., Jaraisy, M., Omardeen, R., & Schembri, A. (2025).
</span><span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(40, 104, 151); font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-linguistics/article/deconstructing-notions-of-morphological-complexity-lessons-from-creoles-and-sign-languages/DD56E0A4F6BDFEC4FE01D3BB14694216" target="_blank" data-outlook-id="6f7a1d62-f691-4afb-9759-479e42ca4b69" style="text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Deconstructing
notions of morphological 'complexity': Lessons from creoles and sign languages.</a></span><span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-weight: 700;"><i>Journal of Linguistics.
</i></span><span style="font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(24, 24, 23);">Published online 2025:1-31.
</span><span style="font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(0, 111, 202);"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226725000180" data-outlook-id="1d9c4283-4a2d-4be1-b6bf-f69f25b606f7" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226725000180</a></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-weight: 700;">Hodge, G., Winter, B., Schembri, A. & Cormier, K. (2025).
</span><span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(40, 104, 151); font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opli-2025-0063/html" target="_blank" data-outlook-id="e4128e37-a5ad-4be1-a709-af8dab7f3e87" style="text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">BSL
signers combine different semiotic strategies to signal clause negation</a></span><span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-weight: 700;">.
<i>Open Linguistics </i>11(1). </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2025-0063" data-outlook-id="ba8caec9-d0ed-4136-8269-a3ccd94350a7" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2025-0063</a></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-weight: 700;">Willoughby, L., Kruk, J. & Schembri, A. (2025)
</span><span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; color: rgb(40, 104, 151); font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/modl.12987" target="_blank" data-outlook-id="58a4aca1-6873-47f7-a05a-97695895201e" style="text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Sign
language for all? Profile and retention of students in a beginner sign language program.
</a></span><span style="font-family: Lato, Arial; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-weight: 700;"><i>The</i> <i>Modern Language Journal
</i>109(1): 216-233. </span><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; font-weight: 600;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12987" data-outlook-id="3a04c4cf-9562-4120-85d0-7f2823ee465d" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12987</a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">For the most up-to-date-information, visit:
<u><a href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk" title="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk" data-outlook-id="4be6aa47-bfd8-428c-a99b-2dfb9faa61c0" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">birmingham.ac.uk</a></u></span></p>
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<b>From: </b>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Omri Amiraz via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Wednesday, 29 October 2025 at 15:39<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Partial pro-drop<br>
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<div dir="ltr" class="ms-outlook-mobile-reference-message skipProofing">Dear colleagues,<br>
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We are conducting a study on the inverse correlation between the frequency of pro-drop (omission of the subject argument) and syncretism in verbal subject-marking paradigms.<br>
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We are particularly interested in partial pro-drop languages, where subject omission is restricted to certain persons or other grammatical conditions. For example, in Hebrew, pro-drop is fairly common in the past tense for first and second person, but relatively
rare for third person. This is puzzling, since the past-tense paradigm in Hebrew shows no syncretism, so it is unclear why the third-person pronoun cannot generally be omitted as well.<br>
<br>
We would greatly appreciate your input on the following points:<br>
<br>
1. Are you aware of other languages that exhibit partial pro-drop?<br>
We are currently aware of Hebrew, Finnish, Yiddish, Brazilian Portuguese, and Russian. This might point to an areal phenomenon, so examples from other areas would be especially valuable.<br>
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2. In the languages you are familiar with, does third person indeed tend to be the least likely to allow pro-drop?<br>
If so, are you aware of any proposed explanations for this asymmetry?<br>
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Many thanks in advance for your insights,<br>
Yiming and Omri</div>
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