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Dear Yiming and Omri,</div>
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There are interesting pro-drop (and verbal pronominal elipsis) phenomena in the Enlhet-Enenlhet family. These languages have a single 2/3 person category, and impressionistically particularly 2<sup>nd</sup> person independent pronouns are used to disambiguate
2 vs. 3 reference. There may not even be 3<sup>rd</sup> person independent pronominals in all languages. </div>
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The descriptive work for most of these languages is ongoing, the most extensive treatment is in
<a title="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/452a46a3-2e2a-4cb7-b41e-8e2606bbb867" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/452a46a3-2e2a-4cb7-b41e-8e2606bbb867">
Elliott 2021</a> on Enxet Sur. </div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Aleksandrs Berdicevskis via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, October 29, 2025 3:11 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Partial pro-drop</font>
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Dear Yiming and Omri, In this short paper, we perform, inter alia, a corpus comparison of the optionality of subject pronouns ("partial pro-drop") across Slavic languages, and show that in East Slavic languages, the pronouns are less</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Dear Yiming and Omri,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In this <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://aclanthology.org/2020.tlt-1.8.pdf__;!!GNU8KkXDZlD12Q!6fu11lrSx_T7lr5hrYw7JHq5tMs4Jj1pikEOtQPmK69YYNg7AzJXV83pX452mlygugtIhpDdohHDknA7xnf9czlmT8FK$">
short paper</a>, we perform, inter alia, a corpus comparison of the optionality of subject pronouns ("partial pro-drop") across Slavic languages, and show that in East Slavic languages, the pronouns are less frequent in the present tense (where the person of
the subject is indexed on the verb) than in the past tense (where it isn't). For most other Slavic languages, the pronoun frequency is the same across tenses (and the person indexing on the verb is also the same). (See similar observations in Seo 2001 that
Greville cited.)</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Reference: Aleksandrs Berdicevskis, Karsten Schmidtke-Bode, Ilja Seržant (2020): Subjects tend to be coded only once: Corpus-based and grammar-based evidence for an efficiency-driven trade-off, in Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Treebanks
and Linguistic Theories, TLT 2020, 27–28 October 2020, Düsseldorf, Germany, pages 79-92</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best regards, </div>
<div>Sasha</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>---</div>
<div>Aleksandrs Berdicevskis<br>
Researcher, Associate professor<br>
Språkbanken Text<br>
Department of Swedish, Multilingualism, Language Technology<br>
University of Gothenburg<br>
</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Wed, 29 Oct 2025 at 17:55, Greville Corbett via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="x_gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); padding-left:1ex">
<div>Here is a comparison across various Slavonic languages, which are pro-drop to different degrees.
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px; border:none; padding:0px">
<div>
<div>Seo, Seunghyun. 2001. The frequency of null subject in Russian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian and Serbo-</div>
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<div>
<div>Croatian: an analysis according to morphosyntactic environments. PhD dissertation, Indiana</div>
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<div>University. Distributed by UMI, Ann Arbor, reference 3038515.</div>
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<div>Very best</div>
<div>Grev</div>
<div><br>
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<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On 29 Oct 2025, at 15:58, Silvia Luraghi via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div>In Italian, the singular forms of the subjunctive are syncretic. The subject that cannot usually be dropped is the second person; in general, the second person subject seems to be the one that is least likely to be dropped in Northern Italian varieties
that have obligatory (but in some cases 'droppable') subject prefixes. </div>
<div>On the other hand, in Hittite, normally a pro-drop language, third person subjects of intransitive verbs are obligatory.</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">Silvia Luraghi<br>
Università di Pavia<br>
Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Linguistica <br>
Strada Nuova 65<br>
I-27100 Pavia<br>
tel.: +39/0382/984685
<div style="display:inline"></div>
<div>Web page personale: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://studiumanistici.unipv.it/?pagina=docenti&id=68__;!!GNU8KkXDZlD12Q!6fu11lrSx_T7lr5hrYw7JHq5tMs4Jj1pikEOtQPmK69YYNg7AzJXV83pX452mlygugtIhpDdohHDknA7xnf9c_O1psnI$" target="_blank">
https://studiumanistici.unipv.it/?pagina=docenti&id=68</a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">Il giorno mer 29 ott 2025 alle ore 16:52 Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> ha scritto:<br>
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<u></u>
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<div>In Spanish, the first and third person singular of the verb are syncretic in most TAM categories. Lehmann 2009 shows that in a relatively small portion of occurrences, the reference is disambiguated by a subject pronoun. In the majority of relevant cases,
the task of disambiguation is just left to the hearer.<br>
<br>
Lehmann, Christian 2009, “El papel del pronombre personal sujeto en la desambiguación de formas verbales sincréticas”. Sánchez Miret, Fernando (ed.),
<i>Romanistica sin complejos. Homenaje a Carmen Pensado</i>. Bern etc.: P. Lang; 147-170.
<u></u>[ <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.christianlehmann.eu/publ/lehmann_pronombre.pdf__;!!GNU8KkXDZlD12Q!6fu11lrSx_T7lr5hrYw7JHq5tMs4Jj1pikEOtQPmK69YYNg7AzJXV83pX452mlygugtIhpDdohHDknA7xnf9czGRvq6s$" target="_blank">
descargar<img src="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/fundus/pdf.gif"></a> ]<u></u></div>
<br>
<div>-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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