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<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Dear all,</font></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">we – Anna Bugaeva (Tokyo University of Science) and Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm (Stockholm University) </font><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial;" class="">are
submitting a proposal for the workshop </span><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class="">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class="">Body part incorporation cross-linguistically:
At the crossroads of lexicon, semantics, and morphosyntax” to SLE 59, to be held in Osnabrück, Germany from 26 to 29 August 2026.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;" class="">We apologize for the short notice, but hope that it should not prevent</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;" class=""> interested
colleagues to send a short abstract (300 words) to us at November 15th at the latest.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class="">Kind regards,</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;" class="">Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm (<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" class="">tamm@ling.su.se</a>), Anna Bugaeva (<a href="mailto:bugaeva@rs.tus.ac.jp" class="">bugaeva@rs.tus.ac.jp</a>)</span></div>
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<br class="">
</div>
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<br class="">
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:2.75pt;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:.5pt;text-align:center;line-height:107%">
<b class="">Body part incorporation cross-linguistically: At the crossroads of lexicon, semantics,
</b><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:2.5pt;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:.5pt;text-align:center;line-height:107%">
<b class="">and morphosyntax </b><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.5pt;margin-left:.25pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0cm;
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<b class=""> </b><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.75pt;text-align:center;
line-height:107%">
Anna Bugaeva & Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:2.7pt;
margin-bottom:4.15pt;margin-left:.5pt;text-align:center;line-height:107%">
(Tokyo University of Science, Stockholm University)<span style="font-family:"Yu Mincho",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Yu Mincho"" class="">
</span>(<a href="mailto:bugaeva@rs.tus.ac.jp" class="">bugaeva@rs.tus.ac.jp</a>) (<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" class="">tamm@ling.su.se</a>)
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
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<b class=""><br class="">
</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.85pt;margin-bottom:
4.8pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:107%">
<b class="">Keywords: </b>noun incorporation, body part terms, lexicon, semantics, morphosyntax
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class="">The proposed workshop aims to explore and understand what’s special about body part noun incorporation compared to other types of incorporation found across the world’s languages. Which particular body part
terms tend to be incorporated, and what might this reveal about universal patterns in linguistic structure and meaning? By bringing together researchers working on diverse languages, this workshop seeks to uncover the distinctive characteristics, functions,
and typological tendencies of body part incorporation. Through comparative discussion, we will highlight how these constructions contribute to our understanding of grammar, semantics, and the interface between language and cognition.</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Noun incorporation (NI) is a grammatical process in which a noun (often the object) becomes </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">bound
to a verb, forming a single complex verb word as in </span><b style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""><i class="">turep</i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""> ‘lily root’ +
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">ta </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">‘to dig’
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;" class=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">
</span><b style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""><i class="">turep-</i></b><i style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">ta
</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">‘to dig lily roots’ (=‘engage in lily roots digging’) from Ainu (isolate, Northern Japan). NI is predominantly found in the Circum-Pacific region as defined by Bickel & Nichols (2006) and encompassing the Americas,
Oceania–New Guinea–Australia, and eastern Asia up to the main coastal mountain range) (Caballero et al. 2008: 393). NI has attracted much attention and debate in research on particular languages and crosslinguistically, among others, on its coverage and delimitation
from other processes (Massam 2009). </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Body-part terms (BPTs) are frequently involved in NI (Kroeber 1909; Sapir 1911; Mithun 1984), </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">and
in some languages, they constitute the only class of incorporable nouns (Dahl 2004: 213–214), e.g., in Ngan.gikurunggurr (non-Pama-Nyungan; Australia) (Reid 1982), Totonac (Totonac-Tepehua; Mexico) (Caballero et al. 2008), and Palikúr (Arawak; Brazil) (Aikhenvald
& Green 1998: 451). This pattern is understandable, given that NI is an effective backgrounding device and BPTs are often backgrounded in discourse (Mithun 1984; Lehmann 2022). To cite Dahl & Koptjevskaja-Tamm (1998: 44), “what really matters is not so much
the body part as such but rather the affected person or animal. This motivates syntactic constructions such as possessor ascension/external possession and body-part incorporation”.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right;" class="">However, what makes noun incorporation of BPTs noteworthy is the unique combination of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">grammatical
constraints it displays: when used independently, BPTs semantically—and, in languages with obligatorily possessed nouns, syntactically—require a possessor (Bugaeva et al. 2022), whereas incorporated BPTs tend to resist all types of modification, including
possessive. In addition, BPTs even in one and the same language do not form a homogenous lexical class, and may differ in their properties, including their propensity to be incorporated.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Languages vary in how they handle the original possessor-modifier, with possessor ascension to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">the
subject or object in NI being a commonly attested strategy in Mohawk (Iroquoian; USA) (Mithun 1996) (1a, b), Chukchi (Chukchi-Kamchatkan; Russia) (Vinyar 2023), Lakota (Siouan; USA) (de Reuse 1994), </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">Washo (isolate,
USA) (Lemieux 2010), Palikúr (Arawak; Brazil) (Aikhenvald & Green 1998), Panare (Cariban; Venezuela) (Payne & Payne 2013), Movima (isolate, Bolivia) (Haude 2006), Paraguayan Guaraní (Tupi-Guaraní) (Velázquez-Castillo 1996), and many others, though not the
only strategy. For example, in Mayali (dialect of Bininj Kun-Wok; non-Pama-Nyungan; Australia) and a few other head-marking polysynthetic languages of Australia, body-part incorporation does not alter argument structure or follow a possessor-raising pattern;
instead, body parts are syntactically in apposition to their wholes, and incorporation selects one of the two apposed nominals (Evans 1996: 91) (2a).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right;" class="">Further variation is determined by possessor–subject coreferentiality options in the case of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">transitive
incorporating verb. While BPTs incorporated by intransitive verbs can only belong to the subject of NI (My hands are cold > I am cold</span><b style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">hand</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">ed) (1a), BPTs incorporated into
the object slot of transitive verbs can either belong to the subject (possessor–subject coreferentiality: I washed my face > I
</span><b style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">face</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">washed) (4a) or to some other person (no possessor–subject coreferentiality: I washed his face > I
</span><b style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">face</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">washed him) (1b). Thus, in Ainu, incorporation of BPTs typically results in the promotion of the possessor to subject with intransitives (3b), deletion of the coreferential
possessor with transitives (4b) (cf. base clauses in (3a) and (4a)), and no incorporation when the possessor is not coreferential with the transitive subject (i.e., it is impossible to incorporate a BPT when it does not belong to oneself) (4c) (Bugaeva & Koptjevskaja-Tamm
2025).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-indent: 42pt; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-indent: 42pt; font-size: 12pt;" class="">In contrast, in Mayali, “the incorporated body part is never construed with the transitive subject. …the incorporated form ‘hand’ must be construed
as the object’s; to specify that the subject used his hand, a free nominal plus the ‘from’ suffix must be used” (Evans 1996: 84) as in (2b). In Nadëb (Nadahup; Brazil), too, the possessor coreferential with the transitive subject in NI requires special reflexive
marking, whereas non-coreferential possessors behave differently: first- and second-person possessors are easily promoted to object position as in typical possessor ascension, while a non-coreferential third-person possessor is simply deleted, with its reference
being recoverable from context (Weir 1990: 325, 328).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right;" class="">Another feature that makes BPT noun incorporation distinctive is that, in some languages, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">incorporated
body-part nouns may be referential, as in Ainu (Satō 2012, 2016; Bugaeva 2017) (see
</span><b style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""><i class="">-e</i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""> (POSS) in (3b)), Washo (Lemieux 2010: 153), Nadëb (Weir 1990), Panare (Payne 1995: 309), or Bininj Kun-Wok (Evans 2003: 235), which is not the case with
other incorporation types.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Further parameters of BPT NI variation include the possibility of incorporating arguments only as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">in
Ainu (Bugaeva 2022), or arguments and adjuncts as in Chukchi (Vinyar 2023) with different semantic roles, which include not only Patients but often Instruments and Locations (Olthof 2020).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;" class="">And finally, it has long been noted that some BPT lexemes are more prone to incorporation than </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">others:
“Most incorporating languages do incorporate such terms as ‘body’ and ‘mind’, since they provide a device for qualifying V’s which pertain to the physical or mental aspect of a person or animal.” (Mithun 1984: 856). However, this too appears to be subject
to linguistic variation: in Ainu, the most frequently incorporated lexemes are ‘mind’, ‘eye’, and ‘hand’ (Bugaeva & Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2025), i.e., not ‘body’. Moreover, in Paraguayan Guaraní, ‘body’ even resists incorporation since “the whole body functions
as an active zone indicating complete identification between body and person,” and only BPTs that “are attributed some sort of cultural importance” are allowed to incorporate (Velázquez-Castillo 1996: 157).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">While it is clear that certain BPT lexemes are more prone to certain semantic role interpretations </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">in NI, which is accommodated
by language-specific morphosyntax (Lexicon > Semantics > Morphosyntax), the cross-linguistic variation and possible interdependencies have not been consistently described so far. The present workshop, which is primarily concerned with illuminating the above-described
and other features that make BPT NI special compared to other types, aims at bringing this into focus.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.05pt 0.05pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0.95pt 4.95pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%" class="">(1)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->a. <i class="">tewakahsyó:tanos
</i>(Mohawk) <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 4.95pt 42.5pt; line-height: 107%;">
<i class="">te-wak-<b class="">absyot</b>-anos </i><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.85pt;margin-bottom:
6.1pt;margin-left:42.55pt;line-height:107%">
DUALIC-1:SG:PAT-hand-cold:STATIVE <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.35pt -0.5pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
‘My hands are cold.’ (Literally: ‘I am coldhanded.’) <o:p class="">
</o:p></p>
<div style="margin: 0cm 251.95pt 0cm 60pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 160%;" class="">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:160%" class="">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i class="">wahikųhsohareʔ</i> <i class=""> wa-hi-<b class="">kųhs</b>-ohare-ʔų
</i><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.35pt -0.5pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
PAST-l:SG:AGT/3.M:SG:PAT-face-wash-PUNCTUAL <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5.05pt -0.5pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
‘I washed <i class="">his </i>face.’ (Literally: ‘I facewashed <i class="">
him.</i>’) (Mithun 1996: 643) <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.1pt 0.15pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0.95pt 6.35pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%" class="">(2)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->a. <i class="">A-<b class="">bid</b>-garrme-ng daluk.
</i> (Mayali) <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5.05pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span>1/3-hand-grasp-PP woman <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.85pt;margin-bottom:
6.75pt;margin-left:42.65pt;line-height:107%">
‘I touched the woman on the hand.’ <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 251.95pt 4.95pt 60pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%" class="">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i class="">Gun-<b class="">bid</b>-be nga-garrme-ng daluk.</i><span style="font-family:"Yu Mincho",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Yu Mincho"" class="">
</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5.05pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span>IV-hand-from 1/3-grasp-PP woman <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.85pt;margin-bottom:
4.8pt;margin-left:42.7pt;line-height:107%">
‘I touched the woman with my hand.’ (Evans 1996: 84) <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.1pt 0.2pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0.95pt 6.35pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%" class="">(3)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->a. <i class="">a-<b class="">tek-e </b> páse
</i>(Ainu) <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5.05pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span>4.(A)/POSS-hand-POSS heavy <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.85pt;margin-bottom:
6.15pt;margin-left:42.7pt;line-height:107%">
‘My hands are heavy.’ <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 251.95pt 1.3pt 60pt; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;line-height:147%" class="">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b class=""><i class="">tek-e</i></b><i class="">-pase-an</i> hand-POSS-heavy-4.S
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5.05pt -0.55pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
lit. ‘I (=the protagonist) am hand-heavy.’ = I feel as if I’ve aged. (Satō 2022: 558, modified)
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.1pt 0.2pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0.95pt 6.35pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%" class="">(4)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->a. <i class="">a-<b class="">kema-ha</b> a-huraye
</i>(Ainu) <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.35pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span> 4.(A)/POSS-foot-POSS 4.A-wash <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.4pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span> ‘I (=the protagonist) washed my feet.’ (Kokuritsu C0008L00018) <o:p class="">
</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 251.95pt 1.3pt 60pt; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;line-height:147%" class="">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b class=""><i class="">kema-</i></b><i class="">huraye-an
</i> foot-wash-4.S <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.45pt -0.5pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
‘I (=the protagonist) washed my feet.’ (Tamura 1996: 292) (modified)
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 251.95pt 6.35pt 60pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%" class="">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i class="">e-<b class="">kema-ha</b> a-huraye
</i><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6.35pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span> 2.(A)/POSS-foot-POSS 4.A-wash <o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.15pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 107%;" class="">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" class="">
</span> ‘I (=the protagonist) washed your feet.’ (constructed example) <o:p class="">
</o:p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:2.6pt;
margin-bottom:4.8pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;text-indent:0cm;
line-height:107%">
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<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class="">Satō, Tomomi. 2016. A classification of the types of noun incorporation in Ainu and its implications for morphosyntactic typology. In Ekaterina Gruzdeva and Juha Janhunen (eds.),
<i class="">Studia Orientalia </i>117, 83–93. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.
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<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class="">Satō, Tomomi. 2022. Noun incorporation in Ainu. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.),
<i class="">Handbook of the Ainu language </i>(Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics 12). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 549–571.
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<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class="">Vinyar, Alexey I. 2023.<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
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</span><i class="">Inkorporatsija imeni v chukotskom: silovaja dinamika i diakhronichectkaja tipologija</i> [Incorporation in Chukchi: a force-dynamic approach and diachronic typology]. PhD thesis. Moscow: National Research University Higher School of Economics.
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<div style="margin: 0cm 1.85pt 0.15pt 0cm;" class="">Weir, E.M. Helen. 1990. Incorporation in Nadëb. In Doris L. Payne (ed.),
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Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</div>
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President of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
<a href="http://www.su.se/english/profiles/tamm-1.182300" class="">www.su.se/english/profiles/tamm-1.182300</a> <br class="">
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" class="">tamm@ling.su.se</a><br class="">
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