<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<style type="text/css" style="display:none;"> P {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} </style>
</head>
<body dir="ltr">
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Dear Ian,</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
Breathy sonorants involve some degree of phonation in addition to pronounced egressive airflow. Voiceless sonorants prototypically have abducted vocal folds and no phonation. In TB languages you may find free variation between breathy and voiceless sonorants,
or the articulation of a voiceless sonorant may involve a overlapping period of phonation - see
<i>A grammar of Mongsen Ao (</i>available via the Academia.edu link below) for spectrographic evidence of this.</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Best,</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Alec</div>
<div id="Signature">
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br>
</div>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
--- </p>
<p style="direction: ltr; line-height: 9pt; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Alexander R. Coupe, Ph.D.
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(251, 0, 7);">|
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Emeritus Associate Professor
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(251, 0, 7);">|</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;"> School of Humanities
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(251, 0, 7);">|</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;"> Nanyang Technological University</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639818</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; line-height: 9pt; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Tel: +61 494064620
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(109, 109, 109);">GMT+8h</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(251, 0, 7);">|</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;"> Email:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><u><a style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="OWAAutoLink" id="OWA9acd33bf-a263-a269-701e-b673c8a6ab24" href="mailto:arcoupe@ntu.edu.sg">arcoupe@ntu.edu.sg</a></u></span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; line-height: 9pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Co-editor, Mouton Grammar Library
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(12, 100, 192);"><a style="color: rgb(12, 100, 192); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="OWAAutoLink" id="OWAa779a6b4-9e06-28cd-35d5-7532a950e1c6" href="https://www.degruyterbrill.com/serial/mgl-b/html">https://www.degruyterbrill.com/serial/mgl-b/html</a></span></p>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 9pt; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Academia.edu:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><u><a style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="OWAAutoLink" id="OWA37e6521a-63c7-7c83-eb56-b4aa27d69d6f" href="https://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe">https://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe</a></u></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">
</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></div>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">ORCID ID:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><u><a style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="OWAAutoLink" id="OWA6e43d84e-6fd8-01ba-7030-47c0b5de3182" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1979-2370">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1979-2370</a></u></span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; line-height: 9pt; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Webpage:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);"><u><a style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="OWAAutoLink" id="OWA592a7854-de1c-853a-4571-2c9e750cabe7" href="https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/arcoupe/">https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/arcoupe/</a></u></span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</p>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr;"><i><a name="x__MailOriginal"></a></i></div>
<div style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br>
</div>
<hr style="direction: ltr; display: inline-block; width: 98%;">
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of JOO Ian via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, March 24, 2026 5:49 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> list, typology <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Breathy vs. voiceless sonorants</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br>
</div>
<table style="direction: ltr; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<pre><table style="direction: ltr; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(0, 70, 255); padding: 5.25pt 1.5pt; width: 1%;"></td><td style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(238, 247, 251); padding: 5.25pt 3.75pt 5pt 11.25pt; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); width: 100%;"><p style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>[Alert:
Non-NTU Email] Be cautious before clicking any link or attachment.</b></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dear typologists,</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Are breathy sonorants any different from voiceless sonorants (e.g. /n̤/ vs. /n̥/?) If so, how?</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">From Otaru,</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ian</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12pt; color: black;">朱 易安</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;"> <br>
JOO, IAN <br>
</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12pt; color: black;">准教授</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;"> <br>
Associate Professor <br>
</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12pt; color: black;">小樽商科大学</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;"> <br>
Otaru University of Commerce</span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;"> </span></p>
<p style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Apple Color Emoji"; font-size: 12pt; color: black;">🌐</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(113, 79, 188);"><a style="color: rgb(113, 79, 188); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="x_OWAAutoLink" id="OWA9c0049da-8e3c-d956-286c-c474c25dbd40" href="http://ianjoo.github.io/">ianjoo.github.io</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><br>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</span></p>
</body>
</html>