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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I discuss the relevant changes mentioned by Claire and Peter in:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Koch, Harold. Forthcoming. Morphological change in Australian languages. In Peter Arkadiev and Franz Rainer (eds),
<i>Oxford handbook of historical morphology</i>. Oxford University Press. Ch. 38<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">--a</span><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">s one of the kinds of morphological change attested in Australian languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Here¡¯s the relevant section:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">38.6.4.4 3<sup>rd</sup> person pronouns as determiners<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In another kind of noun modification 3<sup>rd</sup> person pronouns may act as determiners, indicating the identifiable status of the noun (Louagie and Verstraete
2015). They lose their independently referring sense and function as definite articles. In this function they typically occur at the margins of a noun phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">38.6.4.5 3<sup>rd</sup> person pronouns as case markers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It was probably this function which led to the reanalysis of truncated case-marked 3sg pronouns as case markers in some Karnic languages. Table 38.14 shows a partial
paradigm of the 3sg (originally feminine) pronoun alongside the equivalent case enclitics, which occur NP-finally in Wangkumara (Garlali) (McDonald and Wurm 1979: 22, 28). This historic pronoun has three uses: as a free-form 3sg, usually bearing distance-marking
enclitics and serving as a demonstrative; as an enclitic cross-referencing 3sg pronoun; and as a case-marking enclitic, as seen in (13). See Koch (2015: 295-296) for a similar development in Diyari, where the former case-inflected pronouns are treated as suffixes
marking gender as well as case. (The <i>dr</i> in <i>nhandru</i> is a trill-released stop, whose phonemic status (as distinct from /t/) is not certain.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Table 38.14: Wangkumara 3sg pronoun and nominal case clitics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">3sg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Nominal case<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Nom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">nhani<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=ani<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Erg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">nhandru<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=andru<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">acc<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">nhanha<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=anha<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">(13)
<i>bakarranyi=<b>ani nhani</b>=yi gatyi-gali=<b>ani</b><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">boomerang-<b>nom 3sg.nom</b>=here break-past=<b>3sg.nom</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> ¡®This boomerang is broken.¡¯ (Wangkumara (Karnic; McDonald and Wurm 1979: 42)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Koch, Harold. 2015. Morphological reconstruction. In: Claire Bowern and Bethwyn Evans (eds.),
<i>The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics</i>, 286-307. London: Routledge.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Louagie, Dana, and Jean-Christophe Verstraete. 2015. Personal pronouns with determining functions in Australian languages.
<i>Studies in Language</i> 39. 159–198.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">McDonald, Maryalyce, and Stephen A. Wurm. 1979.
<i>Basic Materials in Wa©¯kumara (Galali): Grammar, sentences and vocabulary</i>. Canberra: Australian National University.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Dr Harold Koch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">School of Literatures Languages and Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Australian National University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">harold.koch@anu.edu.au<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Peter Austin via Lingtyp<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, 28 March 2026 8:56 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Christian Lehmann <christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] case suffix is "homonymous" with personal pronoun form<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">Christian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">The language you're looking for is Wangkumarra where case markers are diachronically derived from suffixed pronouns and show a gender contrast as well. It's one of very few Australian languages with tripartite
case for A, P, S (see McDonald & Wurm 1979, Pacific Linguistics). Paradigms are in my handout from a talk in Paris in 2024 (</span><a href="http://peterkaustin.com/docs/teaching/2024-09-05_Flagging.pdf">http://peterkaustin.com/docs/teaching/2024-09-05_Flagging.pdf</a><span style="color:black">)</span><span style="color:#212121">.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">Best wishes </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">Peter</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Sent from <a href="https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg">Outlook for Android</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp <</span><a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">>
on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <</span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, March 27, 2026 10:29:56 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> <</span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] case suffix is "homonymous" with personal pronoun form</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear colleagues, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>I dimly remember that in one or more languages of Australia, case suffixes look like forms of a pronoun declined for the case in question.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Could someone with relevant expertise or a better memory than me please help me out? Name of the language(s) in question would be sufficient; a reference would be even better.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Thanks in advance,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Christian<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</span></a><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</span></a><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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