8.1127, Review: Jusczyk: The discovery of spoken lang.

[linguist at linguistlist.org]

LINGUIST List:  Vol-8-1127. Sat Aug 2 1997. ISSN: 1068-4875.

Subject: 8.1127, Review: Jusczyk: The discovery of spoken lang.

Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. <aristar at linguistlist.org>
            Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. <hdry at linguistlist.org>
            T. Daniel Seely: Eastern Michigan U. <seely at linguistlist.org>

Review Editor:     Andrew Carnie <carnie at linguistlist.org>

Associate Editors: Ljuba Veselinova <ljuba at linguistlist.org>
                   Ann Dizdar <ann at linguistlist.org>
Assistant Editor:  Martin Jacobsen <marty at linguistlist.org>

Software development: John H. Remmers <remmers at emunix.emich.edu>
                      Zhiping Zheng <zzheng at online.emich.edu>

Home Page:  http://linguistlist.org/


Editor for this issue: Andrew Carnie <carnie at linguistlist.org>
 ==========================================================================

What follows is another discussion note contributed to our Book Discussion
Forum.  We expect these discussions to be informal and interactive; and
the author of the book discussed is cordially invited to join in.

If you are interested in leading a book discussion, look for books
announced on LINGUIST as "available for discussion."  (This means that
the publisher has sent us a review copy.)  Then contact Andrew Carnie at
     carnie at linguistlist.org

 ==========================================================================


Peter W. Jusczyk (1997), The Discovery of Spoken Language, MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 314 pages

Reviewed by Linda Shocky <L.Shockey at reading.ac.uk>


Peter Jusczyk's The Discovery of Spoken Language is about how human infants
acquire the phonetic skills needed to perceive and produce language.  It
starts with some stage-setting: Chapter 1 is an overview of the sort of task
a newborn is faced with in acquiring the phonetics of a language;
Chapter 2 is a brief bird's-eye view of language acquisition research.
Chapter 3 gives a brief history of research on speech perception by infants.
Chapter 4 discusses how the child's speech perception develops  during the
first year of life.  It reviews that now-familiar notion that a very
large number of possible language contrasts (though not all) are discriminable
by infants shortly after birth, but that gradually children develop a
preference for the sounds of their own language(s) and, eventually, an
inability to distinguish a large number of contrasts which are distinctive
only in other languages.  A few pages into Chapter 4,  Jusczyk begins to cite
his own work in this area, though other researchers are not neglected.

One would be hard-pressed to remain unawed by Juszcyk's energy and dedication
to infant language acquisition research.  He has done an enormous number of
experiments (most researchers would flag at the idea of simply finding and
getting permission to experiment with so many babies), in what seems an
impressively thoughtful and logical sequence: when do infants begin to
begin to recognise words from their own language?  Is this recognition
of individual sounds or phonotactic sequences?  Are they sensitive to
frequency of occurrence?  Do prosodic patterns play a part?  When do they
begin to find words in connected speech?  When they do, are they using one
cue or many?
	
Chapter 5, on the role of memory and attentional processes to the developement
of speech perception reveals another impressive set of experiments which
suggest that babies represent speech in terms of syllables rather than
smaller phonetic segments and that they are capable of detecting differences
in syllabic identity and in number of syllables in a short utterance. Also
indicated are that infants are not yet very good at following  speech in noise,
that they ARE good at recognising voices they have heard before,  and
that they MAY BE good at making fine distinctions because they
focus on smaller amounts of speech than older humans.

Chapter 6, How Attention to Sound Properties May Facilitate Learning Other
Elements of Linguistic Organisation, suggests that infants are sensitive to
prosodic markers of structure and gives evidence that they prefer listening
to speech in which the phrase boundaries and their prosodic markers coincide in
their native language.  Evidence also exists that they prefer listening to
speech which is phonotactically correct for their language, and to speech in
which the words come in the correct order.

Chapter 7 begins with a cursory review of previous work on the acquisition
of speech production and goes on to suggest important links between production
and perception in early stages of language acquisition.  Since the latter
portion of their first year is when children are beginning to speak, it is
suggested that the narrowing-down of ability to perceive foreign contrasts is
related to the attempt to coordinate the perceptual and articulatory
systems.  I.e., at this time, children focus on the sounds they are learning
to pronounce.  The ability to distinguish most of the non-native sounds is
then gradually lost because there is no articulatory-perceptual link.

Chapter 8 is called "Wrapping Things Up," which is a covert reference to
Jusczyk's own model of infant speech perception, WRAPSA.  In this chapter,
he tries to assess where we now are in terms of understanding child
language acquisition.  He believes that the most likely model based on what
we know now is one of "innately guided learning": humans, like other
organisms, are programmed to learn particular kinds of things in particular
ways.  The infant cognitive system combines this propensity with whatever
data is present in order to acquire the language(s) spoken in its environment.
It does this through warping the perceptual space through foregrounding of
the features which are significant to the target language.  Just as correct
pronunciation of a language involves a specific overall articulatory
posture, learning to perceive includes language-specific tuning of
perceptual facilities. As the infant brain matures, the child develops the
ability to integrate information from different sources, so the movement
is away from a general-purpose recogniser of differences and towards a much
more sophisticated recogniser of a particular language.

The Word Recognition and Phonetic Structure Acquisition model assumes a
preliminary level of analysis which stores away in the infant brain all of
the perceptual features which the system is capable of extracting of EACH
UTTERANCE. (Multiple tokens will thus have multiple representations)  This is
the portion of the system which allows young infants to detect differences
irrelevant to their own target language: "the description that emerges is
neutral with respect to the language that is spoken." (p.215)  This repre-
sentation decays quickly.  The next component is a weighting scheme which
focuses attention on crucial language-specific features.  This may be mildly
stimulated at birth, but with more language input very rapidly effects a
language-specific transformation of perceptual space.  The third component
extracts patterns (including syllables and prosodic information) from the
weighted output of the second and stores these patterns in memory, where they
can be said to comprise the infant lexicon.  The fourth compares new patterns
with old ones to attempt a match.  Feature similarities will cause old
patterns (traces) to be stimulated.  Though syllabic information is present,
the goal is to recognise words.  As more  tokens of each utterance are
collected, more traces will be activated by new tokens, so recognition of
patterns will soon become more efficient and will eventually lead to extraction
of words.

This model differs from any other extant model of speech or word recognition,
creatively combining elements of earlier models in a novel fashion.  It
predicts most of the experimental results discussed in Chapter 4, though,
as Jusczyk himself says, "more empirical data about the details and the
course of development of speech perception capacities are essential for
[evaluation]." (p. 229)

An appendix describes techniques used in studies of infant speech perception.

I join the star-studded legion  which praise the book on its dust jacket: it
is a must-read for anyone with a serious interest in language acquisition.

One minor point: Jusczyk should have asked someone to check his phonetic
transcriptions of English.

Two quibbles with the format of the book: 1) Jysczyk uses very few visual
aids: there is a total of four illustrations, all of which occur in the first
47 pages.  This makes the rest of the book seem quite heavy going.  There may
be people who can read this book straight through, but I missed
points where I could stop, take a breath, and summarise what I had assimilated.
I would have liked to see a table like this at the end of each section:

Experimenter(s)	  Year     Question Investigated       Technique   Result
			   (Can infants detect..)

Jusczyk et al	  1993    native words?  		9mo/LT      Yes
Friederici et al  1993    Dutch syllable boundaries?    9mo/LT	    Yes


This would be useful not only to clarify the first reading, but also as a
memory aid when returning to the book.

2) We are consistently told the results of Jusczyk's experiments without
any evidence of the validity of his interpretation: we don't know how many
infants participated in each experiment, what tests of significance were used
and what level of significance was regarded as passable.  One notes, upon
perusing a selection of his articles in Perception & Pschophysics and JASA
that Jusczyk includes both  illustrations and statistics in journal articles.
Granted that his Discontinuity in Sucking Behaviour graphs have a certain
'seen one, seen them all' quality....as a reader of the book, you haven't
necessarily seen one, and doing so strikes me as useful.

Presumably, the lack of illustrations and statistics is part of an effort
to keep the book a reasonable length and affordable, and this must be
applauded, if reluctantly.

________________________

Linda Shockey is a lecturer in linguistics at The University of Reading,
England.  She specialises in acoustic phonetics and the phonology of
connected speech, especially English.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINGUIST List: Vol-8-1127