Livre: Next Generation Search Engines: Advanced Models for Information
Thierry Hamon
thierry.hamon at UNIV-PARIS13.FR
Wed Apr 18 16:45:52 UTC 2012
Date: Sat, 14 Apr 2012 19:15:54 +0200
From: Jouis Christophe <Christophe.Jouis at lip6.fr>
Message-ID: <4F89B0CA.8080007 at lip6.fr>
X-url: http://www.igi-global.com/book/next-generation-search-engines/59723
The contents of:
*Next Generation Search Engines: Advanced Models for Information
Retrieval*
© 2012; Publication Date: March 2012; 560 pages
ISBN: 978-1-4666-0330-1; EISBN: 978-1-4666-0331-8
Published by IGIPublishing, Hershey-New York, USA
http://www.igi-global.com/book/next-generation-search-engines/59723
Editors: Christophe Jouis, Universite Paris III, France and
LIP6-Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France; Ismail Biskri, Universite
du Quebec A Trois Rivieres, Canada; Jean-Gabriel Ganascia, LIP6 and
CNRS-Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France; and Magali Roux, LIP6 and
CNRS-Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France
**
*SECTION ONE: INDEXATION*
*CHAPTER ONE*
Indexing the World Wide Web: The Journey So Far
Abhishek Das, Google Inc., USA
Ankit Jain, Google Inc., USA
As the World Wide Web has grown, one notes a significant change and
improvement in technologies of indexation. In this chapter, the authors
describe in detail the key indexing technologies behind today's
web-scale search engines. They are used to provide a better
understanding of how web indexes are utilized. An overview of the
infrastructure needed to support the growth of web search engines to
modern scales is also given. Finally, the authors outline the potential
future directions for search engines, particularly in real-time and
social contexts.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/indexing-world-wide-web/64418
*CHAPTER TWO*
Decentralized Search and the Clustering Paradox in Large Scale
Information Networks
Weimao Ke, College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel
University, USA
The Web poses great challenges for information retrieval because of its
size, dynamics, and heterogeneity. Centralized IR systems are becoming
inefficient in the face of continued Web growth and a fully distributed
architecture seems to be desirable. Without a centralized information
repository and global control, a new distributed architecture can take
advantage of distributed computing power and can allow a large number of
systems to participate in the decision making for finding relevant
information. In this chapter, the author presents a decentralized,
organic view of information systems pertaining to searching in
large-scale networks. The Clustering Paradox phenomenon is discussed.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/decentralized-search-clustering-paradox-large/64419
*CHAPTER THREE*
Metadata for Search Engines: What can be Learned from e-Sciences?
Magali Roux, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris VI, France
Petabytes of data are generated by data-intensive sciences, also known
as e-sciences. These data have to be searched to further perform
multifarious analyses, including disparate data aggregation, in order to
produce new knowledge. To achieve this, e-sciences have developed
various strategies, mostly based on metadata, to deal with data
complexity and specificities. In this chapter, Nuclear Physics,
Geosciences and Biology, which are three seminal domains of e-sciences,
are considered with regards to the strategies they have developed to
search complex data. Metadata, which are data about data, were given a
pivotal role in most of these approaches. The structure and the
organization of metadata-based retrieval approaches are discussed.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/metadata-search-engines/64420
*CHAPTER FOUR*
Crosslingual Access to Photo Databases
Christian Fluhr, GEOL Semantics, France
For several years, normalized vocabulary has provided an unambiguous
description of photos for users' queries. One could imagine that indexes
are made by professionals that control normalized vocabulary. However,
according to the author, this is only an ideal view far from the reality
of the actual indexation process. The description of photos is done by
photographers who have no knowledge of information retrieval or of
normalized vocabulary. Moreover, the description does not take into
account aspects such as semantic ambiguities, cross-lingual querying,
etc. In this chapter, the author presents an experience in which all
these limitations are avoided.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/crosslingual-access-photo-databases/64421
*CHAPTER FIVE*
Fuzzy Ontologies Building Platform for Semantic Web: FOB Platform
Hanêne Ghorbel, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Afef Bahri, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Rafik Bouaziz, University of Sfax, Tunisia
To improve the quality of information retrieval systems, a lot of
research has been conducted over the last decade, which resulted in the
development of Semantic Web techniques. It includes models and languages
for the description of Web resources on the one hand and ontologies for
describing resources on the other hand. Although ontologies mainly
consist of hierarchical descriptions of domain concepts, some domains
cannot be precisely and adequately formalized in classic ontology
description languages. To overcome those limitations, promising research
is being conducted on fuzzy ontologies. In this chapter, the authors
propose a definition for a fuzzy ontological model based on fuzzy
description logic, along with a methodology for building fuzzy
ontologies and platforms.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/fuzzy-ontologies-building-platform-semantic/64422
*SECTION TWO: DATA MINING FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL*
*CHAPTER SIX*
Searching and Mining with Semantic Categories
Brahim Djioua, University of Paris-Sorbonne, France
Jean-Pierre Desclés, University of Paris-Sorbonne, France
Motasem Alrahabi, University of Paris-Sorbonne, France
In this chapter, the authors present a new approach for the design of
web search engines that uses semantic and discourse annotations
according to certain points of view, which has the advantage of focusing
on the user interests. The semantic and discourse annotations are
provided by means of the contextual exploration method. This method
describes the discursive organization of texts by using linguistic
knowledge present in the textual context. This knowledge takes the form
of lists of linguistic markers and contextual exploration rules of each
linguistic marker. The linguistic markers and the contextual exploration
rules can help to retrieve relevant information like causality
relations, definitions of concepts or quotations, etc., which are
difficult to capture with classical methods using keywords.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/searching-mining-semantic-categories/64423
*CHAPTER SEVEN*
Semantic Models in Information Retrieval
Edmond Lassalle, Oranges Labs, France
Emmanuel Lassalle, Université Paris 7, France
In this chapter, the authors propose a new descriptive model for
semantics dedicated to Information Retrieval. Every object is considered
as a concept. Indeed, the model associates concepts to words. It
analyzes every word of a document within its context and translates it
into a concept, which will be the meaning of the word. The model is
evaluated and documents are classified in categories by using their
conceptual representations.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/semantic-models-information-retrieval/64424
*CHAPTER EIGHT*
The Use of Text Mining Techniques in Electronic Discovery for Legal Matters
Michael W. Berry, University of Tennessee, USA
Reed Esau, Catalyst Repository Systems, USA
Bruce Kiefer, Catalyst Repository Systems, USA
In this chapter the authors discuss the electronic discovery
(eDiscovery), which consists of the process of collecting and analyzing
electronic documents to determine their relevance to a legal matter. At
first glance, the large volumes of data needed to be reviewed seem to
lend themselves very well to traditional informational retrieval and
text mining techniques. However, the noisy and ever-changing aspects of
the collections of documents and the particularities of the domain cause
the results to be inconsistent using existing tools. Therefore, new
tools that take these specific elements into consideration need to be
developed. Starting with the history of the collection process of legal
documents, the authors then examine how text mining and information
retrieval tools are used to deal with the collection process and further
propose some research directions to improve it, such as collaborative
filtering and cloud computing.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/use-text-mining-techniques-electronic/64425
*CHAPTER NINE*
Intelligent Semantic Search Engines for Opinion and Sentiment Mining
Mona Sleem-Amer, Pertimm, France
Ivan Bigorgne, Lutin, France
Stéphanie Brizard, Arisem, France
Leeley Daio Pires Dos Santos, EDF, France
Yacine El Bouhairi, Thales, France
Bénédicte Goujon, Thales, France
Stéphane Lorin, Thales, France
Claude Martineau, LIGM, France
Loïs Rigouste, Pertimm, France
Lidia Varga, LIGM, France
With the tremendous rise in popularity of social media web over the last
few years, enterprises are showing more and more interest in the
exploitation of opinions and sentiments expressed by the users about
their products and services in the content of social media. Indeed, it
contains precious and strategic data for product marketing and business
intelligence. However, conventional search engines are inadequate for
this task, as they are not designed to retrieve these particular kinds
of data. Consequently, the field of opinion mining and retrieval is
getting increasing amounts of attention. In this chapter, the authors
present the Doxa project, a work in progress that aims to build a
semantic enterprise search engine with integrated business intelligence
technology and state of the art opinion and sentiment extraction,
analysis and querying of electronic text in French.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/intelligent-semantic-search-engines-opinion/64426
*SECTION THREE: INTERFACE*
*CHAPTER TEN*
Human-Centred Web Search
Orland Hoeber, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
In the Internet era, searching information on the Web has become an
essential part of the lives for many people. Research on information
retrieval in recent years has mainly focused on addressing issues such
as document indexation, document ranking and on providing simple and
quick means to search the Web, in an attempt to provide fast and
high-quality results to user queries. Despite the great progress made in
regard to those aspects and the success of many search engines, people
still commonly have difficulties retrieving the information they are
seeking, especially when they are unable to formulate an appropriate
query or are overwhelmed by results. More needs to be done to include
the user into the search process and assist them into the crafting and
refinement of their queries and the exploration of the results. This
chapter discusses the state-of-the-art research in the field of
human-centered Web search.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/human-centred-web-search/64427
*CHAPTER ELEVEN*
Extensions of Web Browsers Useful to Knowledge Workers
Sarah Vert, Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (CVCE),
Luxembourg
In this chapter the author illustrates the customization of the web
browser from the perspective of users who work at any of the tasks of
using, planning, acquiring, searching, analyzing, organizing, storing,
programming, distributing, marketing, or otherwise contributing to the
transformation and commerce of information. In fact, the browser and its
various possible parameterizations seem to be an important factor that
allows a user to better meet its task. An analysis of the customization
of web browsers for knowledge workers is proposed. It demonstrates that
a browser offering the possibility of add-ons is an application that is
highly adaptable in meeting the specific requirements of its users.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/extensions-web-browsers-useful-knowledge/64428
*CHAPTER TWELVE*
Next Generation Search Engine for the Result Clustering Technology
Lin-Chih Chen, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
When using search engines, users tend to input very short and thus often
ambiguous queries. Therefore, identifying the correct user's search
needs is not always an easy task. In order to solve this issue, the next
generation of search engines will assist the users in dealing with large
sets of results by offering various post-search tools such as result
clustering, which has received a lot of attention recently. It consists
of clustering search results into a hierarchical labeled tree so the
users can customize their view of search results by navigating through
it. In this chapter, the author presents WSC, a high-performance result
clustering system, based on a mixed clustering method and a genuine
divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm to organize the labels into a
hierarchical tree. The author also shows that WSC achieves better
performances than current commercial and academic systems.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/next-generation-search-engine-result/64429
*CHAPTER THIRTEEN*
Using Association Rules for Query Reformulation
Ismaïl Biskri, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Canada
Louis Rompré, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada
To express their needs, users formulate queries that often take the form
of keywords submitted to an information retrieval system based either on
a Boolean model, on a vector model, or on a probabilistic model. It is
often difficult for users to find key words that express their exact
needs. In many cases, the users are confronted on the one hand with a
lack of knowledge on the subject of interest in their information search
and on the other hand with biases that may affect the results. Thus,
retrieving relevant documents in just one pass is almost impossible.
There is a need to carry out a reformulation of the query either by
using completely different keywords, or by expanding the initial query
with the addition of new keywords. In this chapter, authors present a
semi-automatic method of reformulation of queries based on the
combination of two methods of data mining: text classification and
maximal association rules.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/using-association-rules-query-reformulation/64430
*CHAPTER FOURTEEN*
Question Answering
Ivan Habernal, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Miloslav Konopík, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Ondr(ej Rohlík, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
In order to provide a more sophisticated and satisfactory answer to
informational needs, question answering systems aim to give one or more
answers in the form of precise and concise sentences to a question asked
by a user in natural language, instead of only a set of documents as a
result to a query as in a traditional retrieval information system.
Therefore, Question Answering systems rely heavily on natural language
processing techniques for syntactic and semantic analysis and for the
construction of appropriate answers. This chapter presents the state of
the art in the field of question answering, within which the authors
cover all types of promising QA systems, techniques and approaches for
the next generation of search engines, focusing mainly on systems aimed
at the (semantic) web.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/question-answering/64431
*CHAPTER FIFTEEN*
Finding Answers to Questions, in Text Collections or Web, in Open Domain
or Specialty Domains
Brigitte Grau, LIMSI-CNRS and ENSIIE, France
This chapter is dedicated to factual question-answering in open domains
and in specialty domains. In querying a database, it is expected that
factual questions will yield short answers that give precise
information. However, with a web environment, topics are not limited and
knowledge is not structured. Finding answers requires analyzing texts.
In fact, the problem of finding answers to questions consists of, in
this context, extracting a piece of information from a text. In this
chapter, the author presents question-answering systems that extract
answers from web documents in a fixed multilingual collection.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/finding-answers-questions-text-collections/64432
*CHAPTER SIXTEEN*
Context-Aware Mobile Search Engine
Jawad Berri, College of Computing and Information Sciences, King Saud
University, Saudi Arabia
Rachid Benlamri, Lakehead University, Canada
The recent emergence of mobile handsets as a new means of information
exchange has led up to the need for information retrieval systems
specialized for mobile users. Lately, a lot of efforts have been put
into the development of robust mobile search engines capable of
providing attractive and practical services to mobile users, such as
tools that provide directions to business locations according to the
user location or voice speech search that uses speech recognition
technologies. However, the capabilities of current mobile search engines
are still limited. In particular, enhancements are made possible by
exploiting information about the current context of the users and
providing this to search engines to improve the relevance of the
results. In this chapter, a context model and an architecture that
promote the integration of contextual information are presented through
a case study.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/context-aware-mobile-search-engine/64433
*CHAPTER SEVENTEEN*
Spatio-Temporal Based Personalization for Mobile Search
Ourdia Bouidghaghen, IRIT-CNRS-University Paul Sabatier of Toulouse, France
Lynda Tamine, IRIT-CNRS-University Paul Sabatier of Toulouse, France
The explosion of information available on the Internet and its
heterogeneity has considerably reduced the effectiveness of traditional
information retrieval systems. In recent years, much research has been
devoted to develop contextual information retrieval technologies.
Moreover, from the proliferation of new means of communication and
information access, such as mobile devices, have emerged new needs in
IR. In this chapter, the authors discuss this specific issue with
respect to mobile information retrieval, followed by a presentation of a
model of spatio-temporal-based personalization for mobile search, using
contextual data such as location and time in order to dynamically select
the most appropriate profile from a given situation. Each profile
contains user interests learnt according to searches in past individual
explorations. They also propose a novel evaluation scenario for mobile
search based on diary study entries.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/spatio-temporal-based-personalization-mobile/64434
*SECTION FOUR: EVALUATION*
*CHAPTER EIGHTEEN*
Studying Web Search Engines from a User Perspective: Key Concepts and
Main Approaches
Stéphane Chaudiron, University of Lille 3, France
Madjid Ihadjadene, University of Paris 8, France
In this chapter, the user perspective is highlighted. Some recent
challenges in search engine evolution change users' information
behavior. The authors identify four major trends in the "user-oriented
approach" that focus respectively on strategies and tactics, cognitive
and psychological approaches, management, and consumer and marketing
approaches. However, the authors note that there is a need to better
understand the dynamics and the nature of the interaction between Web
searching and users. Also, other aspects such as ethics, cultural
issues, growing social networks, etc. need to be considered.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/studying-web-search-engines-user/64435
*CHAPTER NINETEEN*
Artificial Intelligence Enabled Search Engines (AIESE) and the Implications
Faruk Karaman, Gedik University, Turkey
Nowadays, search engines constitute the main means of classifying,
sorting, and delivering information to users over the Internet. As time
progresses, advances in Artificial Intelligence will be made and thus
new artificial intelligence technologies will be developed to enhance
the sophistication of the search engines. This future generation of
search engines, called artificial intelligence enabled search engines,
will be compelled to play an even more crucial role for information
retrieval, but this will not be without any consequences. Through this
chapter, the author analyzes the concept of technological singularity,
discusses the direct and indirect impacts of the development of new
technologies and artificial intelligence, notably regarding search
engines, and proposes a four-stage evolution model of search engines.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/artificial-intelligence-enabled-search-engines/64436
*CHAPTER TWENTY*
A Framework for Evaluating the Retrieval Effectiveness of Search Engines
Dirk Lewandowski, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
The evaluation of information retrieval systems and search engines in
development or already on the market is a crucial process for the
improvement of the quality of the search results. Quality measures for
most evaluations consist of calculating precision and recall using a set
of ad-hoc queries and assume that common users examine every result
returned by a search engine in the same order they are presented. While
this may be true in some contexts, it has been shown that it is not
necessarily the case in Web searches, where modern Web search engines
present results in various and enriched forms and where the users are
typically interested only in a few highly relevant results and examine
them as they see fit. Therefore, there is a need for new extended
evaluation models for Web search engines. To this end, the author
proposes a framework for evaluating the retrieval effectiveness of
next-generation search engines.
To obtain a copy of the entire chapter, click on the link below.
http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/framework-evaluating-retrieval-effectiveness-search/64437
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