<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 14 January 2007 - Volume 01<br><br>=========================================================================<br><br>From: <span id="_user_wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">
Paul Finlow-Bates <<a href="mailto:wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk">wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk</a>></span><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="lg"></span> <br>Subject: LL-L 'Lexicon' 2007.01.13 (01) [E/LS]<br>
<br>From Heather Rendall:
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;"><span> </span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; direction: ltr; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;">I am so old that I was taught TWO words for telephone: Fernsprecher and Fernhör. <br>I have frequently used them as examples of how a language has to invent
<br>new words for new inventions and how these can just as easily go out of use<br>as the device is improved.<br><br>The Fernsprecher/ Fernhör suited the wall mounted early telephones with separate <br>mouthpiece and earpiece
<br><br>And I seem to remember seeing Fernsprecher as a sign in Post Offices still<br>in the 60s.<br><br>But as the invention developed and became all of a piece -which word was<br>to be used? Easy to reject both and use Telephon! and then Telefon.
<br><br>How did Handy come about? What's that from? It sounds more like a comment<br>than a name!<br><br>best wishes<br><br>Heather [Rendall]</div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; direction: ltr; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; direction: ltr; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;">I
was also taught "der Ferhsprecher" at school, and remember seeing
photos of German phone boxes with it written on the side. My current
Collins German dictionary doesn't even mention the word, but my
"Duits/Nederlands Woordenboek", 1975, does. I find it interesting that
whilst "Fernsprecher" seems to have died, "der Fernseher" does not
appear to under threat from any form of word based on television.</div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; direction: ltr; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; direction: ltr; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;">I
believe one of the reasons English has tended to create
pseudo-classical neologisms rather than compound Germanic English ones,
is precisely because the meaning isn't immediately clear. You don't
have to know that "television" comes from Greek for "far" and Latin for
"sight" to know it's a box that shows pictures from far away. A
"farseer" by contrast could be TV, a telescope, binoculars, even a
clairvoyant!</div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; direction: ltr; font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;"> </div>
Paul Finlow-Bates<br><br>----------<br><br>From: <span id="_user_sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Sandy Fleming <<a href="mailto:sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk">sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk</a>></span>
<br>Subject: LL-L 'Language maintenance' 2007.01.12 (06) [E]<br><br><div style="direction: ltr;">> From: MWI <<a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="mailto:wintzermichel@wanadoo.fr">
wintzermichel@wanadoo.fr</a>><br>> Subject: LL-L 'Language maintenance' 2007.01.12 (01) [E]<br><br>> Ron, I think there are two sides of the<br>> coin: Fernsprecher sounds funny, everyone<br>> says Telefon. Why not? But imagine
<br>> Goethe coming back to the 21st century.<br>> He would understand "Fernsprecher"<br>> and "Kraftfahrzeug".<br><br>Being a polymath, he would surely also understand "telefon", from the
<br>Greek? Around here, it's just something else that's been chucked into<br>the cauldron.<br><br>> He is not coming<br>> back, but we are rooted in our past<br>> including its literature. Allowing changes
<br>> to occur too swiftly and being too lazy<br>> to find indigenous words for new things<br>> has the same effect as a "Rechtschreib-<br>> reform": It degrades and eventually<br>> destroys the bridges that link us to our
<br>> written past.<br><br>In English and Scots "telephone" is a bit old-fashioned now. We're all<br>the way up to "phone"! Nor does the purity of "television" sully our<br>lips - it's "telly" or "TV" (though strangely, in my Scots dialect at
<br>least, the phrase "television set" has been revived - possibly some<br>reactionary measure?). And it's a _long_ time since a bus was an<br>omnibus, or a pram was a perambulator. A "bicycle" is now usually a
<br>"bike", a "microphone" is usually a "mike", and the "microwave" seems to<br>be turning into a "mikey".<br><br>I've asked this before but didn't get an answer - don't other Lowlands
<br>languages abbreviate like this? Or is this all about the<br>Anglo-Saxon/Graeco-Romance vocabulary (or, as language students say,<br>"vokab") in English and Scots. Is it that if something becomes very<br>common, the word has to be "Saxonised" to match it with the rest of
<br>everyday vocabulary - but not the "Fernsprecher"-style Saxonisation, a<br>different kind of Saxonisation where the word is cut down to make it<br>sound as if it's part of the Saxon vocabulary? Because of course in
<br>English and Scots "Saxon" words are just a matter of perception, of<br>shortness and ease of use, whatever their true etymology might be.<br></div><span class="sg"><br>Sandy Fleming<br><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://scotstext.org/" target="_blank">
http://scotstext.org/</a><br><br>----------<br><br></span>From: <span id="_user_sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Sandy Fleming <<a href="mailto:sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk">sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk
</a>></span> <br>
Subject: LL-L 'Lexicon' 2007.01.13 (01) [E]<br>
<br>
<div style="direction: ltr;">> From: "<a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a>"<br>> Subject: LL-L 'Language maintenance'
2007.01.12 (06) [E]<br>><br>> The Fernsprecher/ Fernhör suited the wall mounted early telephones<br>> with separate<br>> mouthpiece and earpiece<br>><br>> And I seem to remember seeing Fernsprecher as a sign in Post Offices
<br>> still<br>> in the 60s.<br>><br>> But as the invention developed and became all of a piece -which word<br>> was<br>> to be used? Easy to reject both and use Telephon! and then Telefon.<br><br>How do German period dramas cope with this? Will an actor in a film
<br>supposed to be based in the 1960s remember to say "Fernsprecher"? Or<br>doesn't it matter since his accent and general speech is liable to be<br>modern anyway?<br><br>It might interest you to know that although these posts are about
<br>language change, and whether we should make an effort to use internal or<br>external ingredients when mixing new vocabulary, in British Sign<br>Language, and presumably other sign languages, the issues are quite<br>different.
<br><br>This is because Deaf sign languages each come with a classifier system<br>for using the hands to express shapes and actions in space. Many signs<br>are therefore constructed not from bits of earlier languages but from
<br>the components of the actual objects described, or the actions performed<br>in using these objects.<br><br>So a telephone used to be signed with two hands - one for the mouthpiece<br>and one for the earpiece. Then it was signed with one hand, representing
<br>the telephone receiver. This is still current but runs alongside the<br>sign for a phone as used by the deaf, which has one hand signing the<br>receiver and another signing the keyboard. And then more recently<br>there's a new sign for little rectangular mobile phone. Five signs, in
<br>fact, depending on whether you're speaking over it, texting with one<br>thumb, texting with two thumbs, taking a photograph, or making a video!<br><br>Cameras have had an even more interesting development. Originally there
<br>was the sign for someone throwing a cloth backward over their head. Then<br>there was the camera held in two hands with the big flash and the button<br>on a handle at the top that you pressed with your thumb. Then came the
<br>nostalgia-inducing Box Brownie, that has to be signed by looking down at<br>a box held in the hands. Now current is the little camera where you<br>press the button with your finger, although this is now being threatened
<br>by the cameraphone which you hold up with one hand and press with your<br>thumb.<br><br>Luckily, older deaf people sometimes make regressive errors and I've<br>seen all of those signs used. But you can't exectly say that the new
<br>signs replace older ones. A camera where you throw the cloth over your<br>head is still just that if you're talking about a scene in a Charlie<br>Chaplin film (though it's only the hearing that use the old<br>
manually-wound movie-camera sign, the deaf have moved on to modern signs<br>for modern video cameras).<br><br>Retro signs can even be invented retroactively. Interpreters for the<br>theatre don't necessarily point at their wrist to indicate "time",
<br>although this is the only sign you'd use for it in modern conversation.<br>Instead they've invented new (but theoretically old) signs for Roman<br>time, Shakespearian time, Victorian time and probably some others I
<br>don't know about, and nobody seems to have any problem with it!<br></div><span class="sg"><br>Sandy Fleming<br><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://scotstext.org/" target="_blank">
http://scotstext.org/</a><br><br>----------<br><br></span>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Lexicon<br><br>Hi, Sandy!<br><br>> I've asked this before but didn't get an answer - don't other Lowlands
<br>> languages abbreviate like this? Or is this all about the<br>> Anglo-Saxon/Graeco-Romance vocabulary (or, as language students say,<br>> "vokab") in English and Scots. Is it that if something becomes very
<br>> common, the word has to be "Saxonised" to match it with the rest of<br>> everyday vocabulary - but not the "Fernsprecher"-style Saxonisation, a<br>> different kind of Saxonisation where the word is cut down to make it
<br>> sound as if it's part of the Saxon vocabulary? Because of course in<br>> English and Scots "Saxon" words are just a matter of perception, of<br>> shortness and ease of use, whatever their true etymology might be.
<br>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sorry I didn't respond to
this earlier.<br>
<br>
In Northern Germany, Low Saxon os pretty much
beholden to German. German tends to have lots of doublet terms of the <i>Fernsprecher
</i>vs <i>Telefon </i>type, another one being (<i>Photographie-Camera</i> > <i>Camera
</i>>) <i>Kamera </i>vs (<i>Photo-Apparat</i> >) <i>Fotoapparat</i>.
In more recent days there are such pairs involving English loans, such as <i>Computer</i>
vs <i>Rechner</i> (< <i>elektronischer Rechner</i>). I would consider
these calques or "semi-calques" (the latter for instance substituting
"apparatus" for "camera").<br>
<br>
Low Saxon under German domination tends to borrow such terms from German, the
Germanized forms usually as calques (= loan translations), such as <i>Rek(e)ner</i>
~ <i>Räk(e)ner</i> (= reckoner = computer). This should not come as a surprise considering that all new technology is introduced to everyone in German.<br><br>German seems to occasionally abbreviate foreign-derived terms, such as
<span style="font-style: italic;">Foto</span> (< <span style="font-style: italic;">Photo</span>) which comes from <span style="font-style: italic;">Fotografie</span> (< <span style="font-style: italic;">Photographie
</span>). (In this case it stands for "photograph" and is countable, but it can serve as uncountable "photography" as well.) However, I'm not sure if this is a German abbreviation or if <span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-style: italic;">F</span>oto</span> is a separate loanword. At any rate, Low Saxon uses <span style="font-style: italic;">Foto</span> also, assumedly as a German loan.<br><br>I can think of Low Saxon <span style="font-style: italic;">
Fleger</span> ("flyer") for 'airplane' and German <span style="font-style: italic;">Flugzeug</span>, but <span style="font-style: italic;">Flieger</span> can also be used in some German dialects.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span><br><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>However, as new technology becomes common-place there may be certain types of lexical changes, or rather lexical expansion, in Low Saxon.</span><br></p>
<font size="2"></font>Sometimes this involves simplification in everyday modes, by which I mean replacing a new term with an older one where specificity is not required. However, I don't think that this happens independently from German, as the same usually applies in German as well. A good example of this is replacing
<span style="font-style: italic;">Foto</span> with <span style="font-style: italic;">Bild</span> 'picture', much as "picture" can serve as a substitute for "photo(graph)" in English, namely where the exact semantics are clear within a given context.
<br><br>Where Low Saxon dialects do demonstrate independence from German is in what some might call "slang." I hesitate to go along with labeling it "slang," though. I rather consider such terms "nicknames," so to speak, and some of them eventually become established as colloquialisms. There doesn't seem to be social limitation slang has, and the terms don't come across as vulgar, nor are they associated with certain population groups. You can use the terms in addressing pretty much anyone who understands the dialect. Yes, they are used in casual language, but casual language is appropriate within most social situation (at least so among genuine speakers that do not translate from German), since the speaker population uses the language "off the record," so to speak, and has a type of cameradery, if not familial relationship, in which injection of humor is usually appropriate.
<br><br>Take for instance English "telephone," or nowadays the usual form "phone" (also in North America, Australia and New Zealand). IYou might use the word "blower" instead, or "horn," or "ameche," but I perceive these as slang and as somewhat vulgar. The same would apply to "piece" for "gun" in American slang; it comes from street slang and is widely known from TV "cop shows," as are "perp" for "perpetrator" and "stiff" for "corpse," for instance.
<br>
<p class="MsoNormal">Low Saxon "nicknaming" are perhaps a bit more like
rhyming slang. The come with a bit of humor. For instance, in
Cockney rhyming slang you get "dog and bone" for
"(tele)phone." In Low Saxon you get <i>Klœnkassen </i>(literally
"chitchat box" or "yak box") for 'phone' in addition to <i>Telefoon</i>.
Here are a few more:</p>
<br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Television:</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Kiekkassen </span>("look/watch box")<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Kiekschapp</span> ("look/watch armoire/locker")
<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Glotzkassen</span> ("goggle/stare box")<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Puuschenkino</span> ("slipper cinema")<br> (English "boob tube" is of a similar character.)
<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radio</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">Dudelkassen </span>("tootle box")<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mobile phone</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">
Ackersnacker</span> ("field talker," originally "walky-talky")<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Helicopter</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">Dwarsmöhl(en)
</span> ("sideways mill")<br> (English "chopper" is of a similar character.)<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dentist</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">Muulklempner</span> ("mouth plumber")
<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Kusenflicker</span> ("molar cobbler/patcher")<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Kusenknacker</span> ("molar breaker")<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">S</span>pectacles, (eye) glasses</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">N</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>ä</i></span><span style="font-style: italic;">senfahrrad</span> ("nose bike")
<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bicycle</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">Drahtäsel </span>("wire donkey")<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Flitzepeed</span> ("whizz+< <span style="font-style: italic;">
veloci<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ped</span></span>)<br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Peddomobiel</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">veloci<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ped</span></span>
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span> = tread/pedal+mobile vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Automobiel</span>)*<br><br>(* <span style="font-style: italic;">pedden</span> ~ <span style="font-style: italic;">
petten</span> 'to tread', 'to step', 'to kick', 'to pedal')<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br>