<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 13 February 2007 - Volume 05<br><br>=========================================================================<br><br>From: <span id="_user_leybl_goldberg@yahoo.com" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">
Lee Goldberg <<a href="mailto:leybl_goldberg@yahoo.com">leybl_goldberg@yahoo.com</a>></span><br>Subject: LL-L 'Yiddish' 2007.02.12 (06) [E]<br><br><div>On Low Saxon-Yiddish interactions, I don't have any specific
knowledge that might be helpful. But I recall Max Weinreich mentioning
in his <em>Geschikhte fun der yidisher shprakh, </em>as part of a
discussion of what he said was the very minor influence exerted by Low
German dialects on Yiddish, that the Jewish communities in Northern
Germany got established relatively late (as you said) and probably felt
that High German forms like "bukh, vaser, ofn" were Yiddish and the Low
German forms were "German"! I do have (a copy of) a Passover Haggadah
from the region (The Copenhagen Haggadah, Altona-Hamburg, 1739,
facsimile edition published by Nahar Publishers Ltd., Tel Aviv,
1986) which has translations of the Hebrew-Aramaic text in both
(Western) Yiddish ("nit tsu fer geshin di hend tsu veshin") and Ladino
("lavara las manos i no dira beraha")--which certainly confirms the
impression you give of a culturally diverse Jewish community.</div> <div> </div> As far as calling Yiddish spoken
by Eastern European Jews or their descendants in Antwerp or Brussels or
the Netherlands "Western" Yiddish, my feeling is that this would be an
error. My understanding of "Western Yiddish" means dialects of Yiddish
that pronounce the diphthongs of "eyn oygnblik" ('one eyes-blink') as
/aan aagnblik/. (For comparison, in Eastern Yiddish, that would be
/eyn eygnblik/ in Lithuania-Belarus, /eyn oygnblik/ in Ukraine, /ayn
oygnblik/ in Poland, and /eyn oygnblik/ in the literary language...if
Eastern European Jews said it, at all, which they don't! "Just a
minute" in Eastern Yiddish is "eyn minut(kele)".) <br><br>----------<br><br>From: <span id="_user_leybl_goldberg@yahoo.com" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">
sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br>Subject: Yiddish<br><br>Thanks, Lee! <br><br>Boy! Would I love to see a copy of that Copenhagen Haggadah sometime! <br><br>Careful! Altona became a part of Hamburg only fairly recently. Before that it was a separate city, albeit within walking distance from Hamburg, hence the folk etymology LS
<span style="font-style: italic;">All to nah</span> ("all too near," which doesn't jive since <span style="font-style: italic;">nah</span> is German for LS <span style="font-style: italic;">neeg'</span> or
<span style="font-style: italic;">neegt</span> 'near'). <br><br>What's significant about this is that Altona was known for its relative tolerance, much of which was due to the Portuguese Sephardic community having been a boost for the city in earlier times. Furthermore, at times Altona was under (more tolerant) Danish rule, with the Danish border right outside Hamburg. This afforded Hamburg Jews a place of refuge whenever there was an Anti-Semitic flair-up at home in Hamburg. (This is described by Glikl.)
<br><br>Hamburg was where "big" business could be done, what with all the ocean trade. While, after Reformation, the Hamburg elite, like that of Amsterdam, was composed mostly of merchants that were less interested in religious matters than in their commercial interests, the city was a relatively "safe" place for Jews. But the senate's attitude was mixed and changeable. On the one hand, the merchants appreciated the commercial stimulation Jews afforded (who before the 19th century weren't allowed to own real estate and to pursue other professions, as in most of Europe), and they remembered what a shot in the arm the prior arrival of the Sephardi community had been (more to Altona than to Hamburg). On the other hand, aside from then "normal" European bigotry, there was a certain fear of business competition and jealousy of geographical connections the Hanseatic League had not exploited, such as tight connections with Southern Germany, Alsace and Eastern Europe. (Most Hamburg Jews had relatives in those places.) Besides, the status of Jews as officially temporary residents with no legal rights made it likely that they were here today and gone tomorrow, and this was commercially unreliable. In other words, the lack of rights was a detriment to everyone concerned, but removing such injustice would have demanded what amounted to presedential citizen status, and that would have been too much too soon in Europe between the 16th and the 19th centuries. As a result, there would be occasional chicanery in Hamburg, and that easily inflamed the lower-class mob's resentment of Jews supposed wealth. It was at such times that Hamburg's mostly Ashkenazi community would treck across the field and hang out in more diverse and more liberal Altona until the pogrom died down and the commercial holes Jews had left needed to be filled again.
<br><br>Furthermore, Hamburg's Ashkenazim, like Sephardim, understandably retained and cultivated their connections with other "safe" places, such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and intermarriage with people there was common (as also described by Glikl who married one daughter to Amsterdam). Because of relatively benevolent Danish power and influence that far south, it was a logical step to expand the Jewish community northward, all the way to Copenhagen and on to Norway (then under Danish rule), some also to Sweden and on to Finland (not to then Danish-dominated Iceland which accepted Jews as late as during World War II, and, as a supposedly "pure Germanic" nation, did so with much resentment, Icelandic media calling Jews "vagabonds" that must be closely watched). Most of this migration seems to have originated from Altona, but of course it opened a new path from Hamburg's Jews as well.
<br><br>To make things even more diverse, there was considerable immigration of East European Ashkenazim, especially during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of them stayed temporarily while arranging passage to the "New" World. Some stayed, speaking Eastern Yiddish at home. There were enough of them to warrant the establishment of specific East European synagogues (Adas Jeschorim).
<br><br>So what you got were (mostly Portuguese) Sephardim, German Askenazim and East European Ashkenazim. The German Ashlenazim were divided by sects: Orthodox, Conservative and Reformed.<br><br>Much more about this can be read up on at the excellent website "A History of Jews in Hamburg" (
<a href="http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-vilhjalmur-f04.htm">http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-vilhjalmur-f04.htm</a>) by Struan Robertson (ay, a guid Lawlands name tha!). There are links to excellent relevant resources elsewhere (including histories of individual synagogues in many parts), and much of it is in English! This is one heck of a superb site!
<br><br>My mother was born and raised in Altona in a part of town with high Jewish concentration. (Her parents had moved there from the east.) According to her, there was no overt Anti-Semitism in the community. Most Jewish and Gentile children visited the same schools and played together in the streets. My grandmother and her sisters would give Jewish neighbor boys presents for Bar Mitzvah, and my mother and other kids would occasionally earn a pfennig or two running errands for Jewish neighbors on Sabbath (thus acting as
<span style="font-style: italic;">shabes goyim</span>). Poorer people benefited greatly by the low-cost or free services offered by the local Jewish Hospital, and this generated much goodwill within the community. It was only after
<span style="font-style: italic;">Kristallnacht</span> that the actual madness reached my mother's community, and she remembered seeing trucks taking away neighbors at night, including her playmates and fellow students. (I later located one of them in Israel, by sheer luck, since she had changed her name!)
<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br>***<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">KANEELJUD</span><br><br>Klaus Groth (1819-1899)<br><br> <span style="font-style: italic;"> Our temple hath not left a stone
</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> And Mockery sits on Salem's throne.</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
Byron, Hebrew Melodies</span><br><br>Luerlüttje Kaneeljud!<br>Wa süht he verdweer ut!<br>Hangt Band ut, hangt Trand ut,<br>Handelt allerallerhand Grandgut. <br><br> Isak, is dat Schipp kam?
<br> Is min Säwel mitkam?<br> Krieg'k en Wagen, krieg'k en Popp,<br> Krieg'k min Hot mit Feddern op? <br><br> »Kinner, noch nicht!<br> Tokum Johr kumt't vellicht!<br> Dat Woter weer dick worn,<br> Mät teebn bet de Glicksorn!«
<br><br>Luerlüttje Kaneeljud!<br>Wa süht he fidel ut!<br>So afscharn, so utfrarn,<br>Snackt jimmer, jimmer vun de Glücksaarn. <br><br> Abraham, wo büst du?<br> Vater Abram, sühst du?<br> Truerbom vun Babylon,<br>
Wo's de weise Salomon?<br><br>***<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">CINNAMON JEW</span><br><br>Klaus Groth (1819-1899)<br><a href="http://www.lowlands-l.net/groth/">http://www.lowlands-l.net/groth/</a><br>translated by R. F. Hahn, February 13, 2007
<br><br> <span style="font-style: italic;">Our temple hath not left a stone</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> And Mockery sits on Salem's throne.
</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> Byron, Hebrew Melodies</span><br><br>Tiny, little Cinnamon Jew!<br>How funny he looks! How he walks about
<br>With those strings hanging out<br>And those things hanging out,<br>Trading luxury goods, always on the tout!<br><br> Isaac, is my ship at the pier?<br> Is my saber now finally here?<br> Will I get my cart? A doll for me?
<br> And a hat with feathers on top for Marie?<br><br> "No, not yet, kids. Shoo! Let go of me!<br> They'll all will be here next year maybe.<br> The water turned thick, the voyage a crawl.<br> You must wait now, kids, till there is a windfall."
<br><br>Tiny, little Cinnamon Jew!<br>How jolly he looks,<br>So destitute, so frozen and all,<br>All the time talking about that windfall!<br><br> Abraham, where will I find thee?<br> Father Abraham, can't you see?<br>
Mourning Tree of Babylon,<br> Where's the wise man, Solomon?<br><br>