<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 27 March 2007 - Volume 06</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Slavonic connections<br><br></span><div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<p style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);" class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><b>Slavonic Language Samples</b><br><b>from Lower Saxony</b></font>
</p>
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></b><font size="4"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><br><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><font size="2">
<span style="font-style: italic;">© R. F. Hahn, 2007</span></font><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><br></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">West Slavonic languages used to be spoken in what is now Germany as far west as
from Plön (<i>Plune</i>) and Lübeck (<i>Liubice</i>), Holstein, in the north
via Lunenburg (<i>Glin</i> > <i>Glain</i>) all the way south to the eastern
parts of today's Bavaria and into northeastern Italy. The westernmost expansion of the Slavonic Obodrite
people came to fruition in the 7th century CE when these ancestors of the
Polabs (*<i>po Labu</i> 'at the Elbe') repopulated areas that had been
virtually vacated by Saxons during their great migration to Britain. Some
Slavs went to live in parts of what is now Danish territory. In the 8th century they
were strong enough to defeat Saxon armies. In 983 they attacked and ransacked Hamburg, and at times they received tribute both from Hamburg and from Denmark, though they themselves
owed tribute to the Franks in the west and to other Slavonic powers in the east.
Gradually, Germanic eastward expansion weakened the power of the Slavs, and
those in what is now Germany
became minorities among Germanic speakers. Most intermarried and came to be
Germanicized to various degrees, and almost all lost their ancestral languages.<br><br></font>
<font size="2">
Eventually two Slavonic ("Wendish") enclaves remained: that of Sorbian-speaking
Lusatia (of which now only a small, arid region remains) and that of the
Draveno-Polabs at the eastern end of the Lunenburg Heath, where today's states of Lower
Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania meet. By the 18th
century, Polabian was spoken only in a few remote villages of the Heath's
Wendland, now Lower Saxony's district of Lüchow-Dannenberg, at that time ruled
by Hanover,
previously by Lunenburg (<i>Lüneburg</i>).<br><br>
Polabian proper is not the closest relative of Sorbian. While Sorbian
represents the Lusatian subgroup of Western Slavonic, Polabian belongs to the
Lekhitic (or Lechitic) subgroup together with Polish, Kashubian (Cassubian) and Slovincian. In fact, since it used to be spoken in the Mecklenburg
region as well, we may assume that Polabian represents the westernmost extent of
Lechitic, bordering in the east on Slovincian (which has been extinct since the
turn of the 20th century) which eastward fades into Kashubian, and Polish (including Slavonic Silesian)
represents the southern extent of this. Polabian, Slovincian and Kashubian have
absorbed considerable Low Saxon ("Low German") influences. Syntactic
Germanicization is particularly strong in Sorbian and Polabian.<br><br>
Most or all Draveno-Polabs spoke Low Saxon as well as Polabian, in later times
also some Low-Saxon-influenced German. Polabian language maintenance began to
dwindle seriously with the late 17th century when more and more Polabs adopted
Low Saxon as their first language and only used Polabian terminology for
specific contexts. By the time a sizeable Polabian corpus came to be amassed in the 18th century,
the Polabs referred to themselves by the Germanic ethnonym <i>wendske</i> (</font><font size="2">< <i>Wende, </i><i>wendisch</i>, </font></span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Old English </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Winedas</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> from Latin<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></font></span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Venetī</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, singular </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Venetos</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">
<span style="font-style: italic;"></span>).</font></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><br>
Aware that this last remnant of Heath Land Polabian was about to vanish, a
group of enthusiasts went about collecting historical, cultural and linguistic
material just before the last competent speaker died in the middle of the 18th
century. Among them was only one identifiable Polab: Johann Parum Schultze (1677–1740),
headman (Low Saxon <i>Schulte</i>, German <i>Schultze</i>, Polabian <i>stårüst</i>
'elder', 'alderman') of the village
of Lütze. Even some of <i>his</i>
linguistic information is somewhat suspect, especially in his translations from German.
Although the collection consists of a jumble of handwritten notes fraught with
inconsistencies and errors it constitutes a modest corpus of valuable posthumous
information. It provides a lexical basis (with a sizable corpus of Low Saxon loans) and
some place names as well as numerous descriptions of customs and a number of
chronicle excerpts.<br><br>
I am in the process of preparing a brief Low Saxon article about this
collection for publication. This posting represents an English preview or sketch.<br><br><b>Important Polabian sound shifts.<br>
</b><span style=""> </span>- <i>mazurzenie</i>: č, š, ž >
c, s, z<br><span style=""> </span>- initial o- > wo- (as in Sorbian)<br><span style=""> </span>- unstressed "a", "u", "o" > "ü"<br><span style=""> </span>- stressed "i" > "ai"<br><span style=""> </span>- stressed "u" > "åu"
<br><span style=""> </span>- "y" (Russian ы) > "oi" or "ui"<br><span style=""> </span>- "k" > "tj" (as in Plautdietsch),
except after nasals<br><br><b>Reading guide to the transliteration for this purpose:<br>
</b><span style=""> </span>- tilde (<span lang="ZH-CN">˜</span>)
in place of <i>ogonek</i> (hook, <span lang="ZH-CN">˛</span>) for nasalized
vowels<br><span style=""> </span>- ai (as in "l<u>i</u>fe")<br><span style=""> </span>- å (as in "h<u>a</u>ll")<br><span style=""> </span>- åu (longer than in "l<u>ow</u>")<br><span style=""> </span>- c = ts<br><span style="">
</span>- ch (as in "loch")<br><span style=""> </span>- j = y<br><span style=""> </span>- š = sh<br><br><b>Place names:<br>
</b><br><span style=""> </span><b>Bergen</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Tÿörska; translit. <b>Tjörska</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue: <i>tjöra</i> <
<i>goră</i>
(mountain, hill)<br><span style=""> </span><b>Clenze</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Cloontzka; translit. <b>Klõcka</b><br><span style=""> </span><b>Dannenberg</b><br><span style="">
</span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Weidars, Woikam; translit. <b>Weidars,
Woikam</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue:<b> </b><i>waika</i><sup> </sup><
<i>wika</i> (town) < Mid. Sax. <i>wîk</i><br><span style=""> </span><b>Drawehn</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Drawän; translit. <b>Drawen</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style="">
</span>etym. clue: <i>drawa</i> < *<i>drăva</i>
(wood, timber)<sup><br>
<span style=""> </span></sup><b>Hitzacker</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Lgautztgi; translit. <b>Ljauci</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue: <i>ljaudi</i>
< *<i>l'udi</i>
(people)?<br><span style=""> </span><b>Lüchow</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Lgauchi, Lieuschü; translit. <b>Ljauchüw</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue: *L'uch (man's name)?
<br><span style=""> </span><b>Lüneburg</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Chlein, Glein; translit. <b>Glain</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue: <i>glaino</i>
< *<i>glina</i>
(clay)<br><span style=""> </span><b>Salzwedel</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Lôsdît, Lósdy; translit. <b>Ljosdit</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue: <i>
ljos</i> < *<i>lěsă</i>
(woods, forest)?<sup><br>
<span style=""> </span></sup><b>Schnackenburg</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Godegord, Godegür; translit. <b>Godegord</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue:
<i>god</i> < *<i>gad<span lang="ZH-CN">ă</span></i> (snake), <i>gord</i> < *<i>gord<span lang="ZH-CN">ă</span></i>
(fortress)<br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>(Low Saxon <i>Snakenborg</i> "snake
fortress/town")<br><span style=""> </span><b>Ueltzen</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Wiltzaus; translit. <b>Wilcaus</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>etym. clue:<b>
</b><i>wilca</i> ~ <i>wilsa</i>
< *<i>olăša</i> (alder)?<br><span style=""> </span><b>Wustrow</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Polab.: Wastrüw, Wostrüwe; translit. <b>Wåstrüw</b><br><span style=""> </span><span style="">
</span>etym. clue:<b> </b><i>wåstruw</i> < *<i>ostrovă</i>
(island)<br><br>
Also included in the collection is a folksong. There seem to be indications
that the song was old when it was recorded. For example, the Slavonic words for
"bride" and "bridegroom" (<i>ninka</i>, <i>zãtik</i>) are used, while in
recorded conversations the respective Low Saxon loans (<i>brut</i>, <i>breddigam</i>)
are used. The theme of the song seems to fit into the bird wedding tradition
that is featured prominently in Sorbian tradition and is reflected in German
folklore as well. At the time the song was written down it seemed to have been
used for merrymaking (apparently at drinking parties), probably because it was
interactive. It is a repartee song for three parties and is somewhat
reminiscent of some song traditions of Central Asia
in which, usually in springtime, groups of unmarried males and females answer
each other in mock songs about courting and marriage.<br><br>
The song used to be performed as follows:<br></font>
<font size="1"><br></font>
</span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="1"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE">"</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"><font size="2">Hierbey
ist zumercken, wenn der Fuchs gesprochen, mann soll ihm den Hintersten von
einander schlagen, so fangen sie all an, so viel ihrer beysammen am Tische
sizen mit Fausten wacker auf dem Tisch zu trommeln und auf solche Art dieses
Lied zu endigen.</font></span></font><br><font size="1"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"><font size="2"><span style=""> </span>Will manns nach der Kunst singen und
spielen und ihme sein rechtes Recht thun so gehoren 3 Personen darzu. Die erste
Person fragt zum Exempel: <b>Katy mês Ninka beyt?</b> Die andere antwortet:<b>Teelka
mês Ninka beyt</b>. Die folgende Zeile: <b>Teelka ritzi wapak ka neimo ka dwemo</b>;
singen sie alle drey zugleich, und damit es eine gute Harmonie gebe, singet
eine Person zwischen dem Discant und dem Baß eine Mittel-Stimme. Die Worte
aber: <b>Jos giss wiltge grîsna Sena; nemik Ninka beyt</b>; muß die dritte
Person alleine singen, und den die lezten Worte wieder alle drey: Und so mit
den andem auch."</font>
</span></font><br style=""><font size="1"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"></span></i></font></div><font size="1"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";" lang="DE">
</span></i></font><font size="2"><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"><br>
</span></i></font><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">My translation:<i><br></i></font></span><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<font size="2"><i>
"</i>Here it is to be noted that, when the fox has spoken, his behind is to be
spread out with a slap and everyone sitting at the table is to begin pounding
on the table as they end the song in such a manner.</font></span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><span style=""> </span>Three persons ought to take part should
one wish to sing and play in the appropriate fashion and to do the song proper justice.
The first person asks for example, <i>Kåtü mes ninka boit?</i> The second
answers, <i>Tjelka mes ninka boit</i>. All three sing the following line
together: <i>Tjelka rici wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo ...</i> And for the sake of
good harmony one person sings middle voice between treble and bass. But the
third person must sing alone the words <i>Joz jis wiltje grüzna zena</i>; and
then again all three sing the final words. And the other verses are to be in
like manner."</font></span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span></div><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><br>
Here now the song in transliteration followed by my English translation:<br><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes ninka boit?<br><span style=""> </span>Tjelka mes ninka boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Tjelka rici<br>
<span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:<br><span style=""> </span>„Joz jis wiltje grüzna zena.<br><span style=""> </span>Ne müg ninka boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Joz ne müg ninka boit."<br><span style="">
</span><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes zãtik boit?<br><span style=""> </span>Strezik mes zãtik boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Strezik rici<br><span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:<br><span style="">
</span>„Joz jis wiltje mole tjarl.<br><span style=""> </span>Ne müg zãtik boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Joz ne müg zãtik boit."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes traivnik boit?<br>
<span style=""> </span>Worno mes traivnik boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Worno rici<br><span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:<br><span style=""> </span>„Joz jis wiltje corne tjarl.<br><span style=""> </span>
Ne müg traivnek boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Joz ne müg traivnek boit."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes tjåuchor boit?<br><span style=""> </span>Wåucka mes tjåuchor boit.<br><span style="">
</span>Wåucka rici<br><span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:<br><span style=""> </span>„Joz jis wiltje glupcit tjarl.<br><span style=""> </span>Ne müg tjåuchor boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Joz ne müg tjåuchor boit."
<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes šenkir boit?<br><span style=""> </span>Zojãc mes šenkir boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Zojãc rici<br><span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:
<br><span style=""> </span>„Joz jis wiltje drale tjarl.<br><span style=""> </span>Ne müg šenkir boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Joz ne müg šenkir boit."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes spelman boit?
<br><span style=""> </span>Bütjan mes spelman boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Bütjan rici<br><span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:<br><span style=""> </span>„Joz jis wiltje dåudje råt.<br><span style="">
</span>Ne müg spelman boit.<br><span style=""> </span>Joz ne müg spelman boit."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Kåtü mes taisko boit?<br><span style=""> </span>Laiska mes taisko boit.<br><span style="">
</span>Laiska rici<br><span style=""> </span>Wåpak kå naimo kå dwemo:<br><span style=""> </span>„Rüzplastaite müja wåpois!<br><span style=""> </span>Bõde wosa taisko.<br><span style=""> </span>Bõde wosa taisko."
<br><br>
Translation:<br><br><span style=""> </span>Who is to be the bride?<br><span style=""> </span>The owl is to be the bride.<br><span style=""> </span>But said the owl<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,
<br><span style=""> </span>"A hideous girl am I.<br><span style=""> </span>The bride I cannot be.<br><span style=""> </span>No, the bride I cannot be."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Who'll be the bridegroom then?
<br><span style=""> </span>The wren will be the bridegroom then.<br><span style=""> </span>But said the wren<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,<br><span style=""> </span>"A wee-bitty chap am I.<br>
<span style=""> </span>The bridegroom I cannot be.<br><span style=""> </span>No, the bridegroom I cannot be."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Who is to be best man?<br><span style=""> </span>
The crow is to be best man.<br><span style=""> </span>But said the crow<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,<br><span style=""> </span>"A pitchy black chap am I.<br><span style=""> </span>Best man I cannot be.
<br><span style=""> </span>No, best man I cannot be."<br><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Who is to be the cook?<br><span style=""> </span>The wolf is to be the cook.<br><span style="">
</span>But said the wolf<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,<br><span style=""> </span>"A wicked old chap am I.<br><span style=""> </span>The cook I cannot be.<br><span style=""> </span>No, the cook I cannot be."
<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Who's to be barman then?<br><span style=""> </span>The hare's to be the barman then.<br><span style=""> </span>But said the hare<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,
<br><span style=""> </span>"A fast-footed chap am I.<br><span style=""> </span>Barman I cannot be.<br><span style=""> </span>No, barman I cannot be."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Who's to be musician then?
<br><span style=""> </span>The stork's to be musician then.<br><span style=""> </span>But said the stork<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,<br><span style=""> </span>"A long-beaked old chap am I.<br>
<span style=""> </span>Musician I cannot be.<br><span style=""> </span>No, musician I cannot be."<br><span style=""> </span><br><span style=""> </span>Who's to be the table then?<br><span style=""> </span>The fox will be the table then.
<br><span style=""> </span>But said the fox<br><span style=""> </span>To the two, to them both,<br><span style=""> </span>"Come! Flatten my backside then!<br><span style=""> </span>Let that be your table then!<br>
<span style=""> </span>Let that be your table then!"</font>
<br>
<span style=""> </span><br>
----------<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sources:<br>
Olesch, Reinhold, <i>Juglers Lüneburgisch-Wendisches Wörterbuch</i>, Cologne, Graz:
Böhlau, 1962<br>
Olesch, Reinhold, <i>Fontes lingvae draveno polabicae minores</i>, Cologne, Graz:
Böhlau, 1967<br>
Polański, Kazimierz, and James Allen Sehnert, <i>Polabian-English Dictionary</i>,
The Hague, Paris:
Mouton, 1967<br style="">
</span><br>