<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 29 March 2007 - Volume 02</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
From: </span><span id="_user_luc.hellinckx@gmail.com" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Luc Hellinckx</span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="lg"> <<a href="mailto:luc.hellinckx@gmail.com">
luc.hellinckx@gmail.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Etymology"</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Dear Heather,</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
On Wed, 2007-03-28 at 10:10 -0700, you wrote:</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<blockquote style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" type="CITE">
<font color="#000000">What would the Flemish form be? "quebb" "qwebb" and would this still be c 13th century?</font><br>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Yes. The Middle Dutch form would be "quebbe". At least until the 16th
century I guess. Later on, coming from the east, the final -e- started
to drop, but I don't think there has been any substantial Flemish
settling in Southern Wales that late.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Kind greetings,</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Luc Hellinckx</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span><span id="_user_luc.hellinckx@gmail.com" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">R. F. Hahn</span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="lg">
<<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: Etymology</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">This is what the </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Oxford English Dictionary</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
says about this:</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">***</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quab, n.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">[= Du. </span>
<span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">kwabbe </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">a boggy place; cf. MLG. </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quabbel
</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">slime, and see QUAG.] </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">A marshy spot, a bog. Cf. QUABMIRE.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">1617 MINSHEU Ductor, A Quabbe, or quagmire. a1656 USSHER Ann. VI. (1658) 596 Defended by the Mæotis and those quabs. 1847 HALLIWELL, Quob, a quicksand or bog. West. 1879 G. F. JACKSON Shropsh. Word-bk., Quob, a marshy spot in a field; a quagmire.
<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quabmire</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Obs. exc. dial.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">[f. QUAB n.2 or v., but found earlier.] </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> A quagmire.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">1597 BROUGHTON Ep. to Nobility Wks. 570 Oversights, which for a dry causie bring us to quabmyres. 1841 HARTSHORNE Salop. Antiq. Gloss. 539 Quobmire, a quagmire.
<br></div>
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quag, n.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
[Related to QUAG v.; cf. QUAB, QUAW, and see QUAGMIRE.] </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> a. A marshy or boggy spot, esp. one covered with a layer of turf which shakes or yields when walked on. Also transf. and fig.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">1589 P. IVE Fortif. 16 Where you finde quicke sands, quages, and such like. 1657 HOWELL Londinop. 342 Moorfields, which in former times, was but a fenny quagge, or moore. a1677 BARROW Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 143 The latter walk upon a bottomless Quag into which unawares they may slump. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 253 We keep the road, Crooked or straight, through quags or thorny dells. 1842 I. TAYLOR Anc. Christianity II. VIII. 480 Thoughtless thousands of the people are thus beguiled into the filthiest quags of 'abominable idolatry'. 1883 BESANT All in a Garden fair I. ii. (1885) 19 There are pools in the forest..there are marshy places and quags. 1888 Ch. Times 27 Jan. 68/3 All who are trying to find a way out of the Vatican quag, without turning Protestants. 1904 Daily Chron. 18 May 3/4 Her clothes were a quag of blood.
<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> b. attrib. and Comb., as quag-brain, -kind, -water.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) II. 244 Tho' Law and Justice were of slender growth Within his quag Brain. 1772 WALKER in Phil. Trans. LXII. 124 It was mostly of the quag kind, which is a sort of moss covered at top with a turf of heath and coarse aquatic grasses. a1870 D. G. ROSSETTI Poems (1870) 252, I..fouled my feet in quag-water.
<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quagmire</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
[app. f. QUAG n. or v.1 (but evidenced a little earlier) + MIRE. Numerous synonyms, with a first element of similar form, were in use in the 16th and 17th cents., as </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
qua-</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quab-</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
quad-</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quake-</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
qual-</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quave-</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
quawmire</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, which will be found in their alphabetical places: cf. also </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">bog</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
-, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">gog</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">- and </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">wag-mire</span>
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">. The precise relationship of these to each other is not clear: all, or most, may be independent attempts to express the same idea (cf. etym. note to QUAKE v.).] </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> 1. A piece of wet and boggy ground, too soft to sustain the weight of men or the larger animals; a quaking bog; a fen, marsh.</span>
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 530 There was a certain quagmire before him, that ran with a swift running stream. 1610 ROWLANDS Martin Mark-all 26 They come to bogs and quagmyres, much like to them in Ireland. 1665 Surv. Aff. Netherl. 120 [Holland is] the greatest Bogg of Europe, and Quagmire of Christendom. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters II. 131 The quagmire being pierced..is found no where above two feet deep. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. & Is. (1846) III. xiv. 121 The excessive rains..had converted the whole country into a mere quagmire. 1882 OUIDA Maremma I. 47 To reach the mountain crest without sinking miserably in a quagmire.
<br></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Comb. 1611 COTGR., Mollasse,..quagmire-like.<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> 2. transf. and fig.
<br> <br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">a. Anything soft, flabby, or yielding.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></div><div style="margin-left: 80px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
1635 QUARLES Embl. I. xii. (1718) 50 Thy flesh a trembling bog, a quagmire full of humours. a1704 T. BROWN Praise Poverty Wks. 1730 I. 100 The rich are corpulent, drown'd in foggy quagmires of fat and dropsy. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 488 The indurated patches seem, in some cases, to be fixed upon a quagmire of offensive fluid.
<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> b. A position or situation from which extrication is difficult.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 80px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">1775 SHERIDAN Rivals III. iv, I have followed Cupid's Jack-a-lantern, and find myself in a quagmire at last. 1851 BRIGHT Sp., Eccl. Titles Bill 12 May, The noble Lord..is in a quagmire, and he knows it well. 1873 HAMERTON Intell. Life V. ii. (1875) 178 Many a fine intellect has been driven into the deep quagmire.
<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> Hence {sm}quagmire v., in pass. to be sunk or stuck in a quagmire; also fig. {dag}{sm}quagmirist, one who makes a quagmire of himself. {sm}quagmiry a., of the nature of a quagmire; boggy.
<br></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">1637 WINTHROP New Eng. (1825) I. 233 A most hideous swamp, so thick with bushes and so quagmiry [etc.]. 1655 R. YOUNGE Agst. Drunkards 4 These drunken drones, these gut-mongers, these Quagmirists. 1701 Laconics 120 (L.) When a reader has been quagmired in a dull heavy book. 1846 LANDOR Imag. Conv. Wks. II. 42 A man is never quagmired till he stops.
<br><br></div><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">***</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">By the way, "mire," too, means 'swampy ground' or 'bog'. It is an early Scandinavian loan; cf. Old Norse
</span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">mýrr</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> (Icelandic </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">mýri</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">), Norwegian
</span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">myr</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, Old Swedish </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">myr</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> (Swedish
</span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">myr</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">), Danish </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">myr</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">. It is related to archaic "mese" once used in southwestern England, related to Old German
</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">mios</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> and Middle Dutch </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">mies
</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, also </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Mies</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> 'moss' in some "German" (Low Saxon?) dialects, as in
</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Miesmuschel</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> '(blue) mussel'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">And in Northern Low Saxon, too, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">kweb</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Quebb</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> < *</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Quebbe</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">) means 'boggy spot'.
</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">K</span>wabbeln</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
quabbeln</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">) means 'to shake" or 'to quake' said of soft substances, such as fat, jelly, bog, etc., and the adjectival-adverbial relative is </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
kwabbelig</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">quabbelig</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">). (Clearly, the /-l-/ is that old frequentive marker again.)
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">