<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 02 April 2007 - Volume 01<br><br>=========================================================================<br><br><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span><span id="_user_bryans@lodging1.com" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
"Bryan E. Schulz" <<a href="mailto:bryans@lodging1.com">bryans@lodging1.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "History"
2007.04.01 (06) [E]</span><br><br><div><font face="Georgia" size="2">When I suggested that Finnish was related to
Sanskrit, I had no idea that there would be such a response! Thanks to
John, we scratched an old itch of mine. I have been trying to find my
source for the connection. It must be lost. It is important to
remember that John is not saying that Sanskrit is the base language for Finnish
but that there are many good reasons to believe that Finnish was
significantly and directly influenced by Sanskrit. I believe that a large
contributor was the 'Viking' expansion. This expansion created an
intellectual exchange route on the back of commerce and religion.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Georgia" size="2">I read articles relating to the origins
of Latin and have found that it is heavily influenced by the Celtic
languages. Am I correct in assuming that there was a general collection of
languages from all the compass points that reached its focal
point in Latin? After maturing as an common language, I am assuming
that German was derived from Latin and then English was derived from
German. Was denks du? Also, Saint Cyrus of Cyrillic fame, made some
puzzling transformations of the Greek alphabet to record the native language of
the "Russians". There may be additional arguements for a Sanskrit
influence there.</font></div><span class="sg">
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Georgia" size="2">Bryan E. Schulz<br><br><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></font><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
From: </span><span id="_user_bryans@lodging1.com" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: History</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Hi, Bryan!</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">You lost me somewhere along the way ...</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><ul style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><li>
The Romance and Celtic language branches grew from a common branch off Indo-European. They are therefore more closely related to each other than to other Indo-European branches. In Roman times, Latin (Romance) and Gaulish (Celtic) were to a certain degree mutually intelligible, but apparently only in the sense that certain words could be made out here and there (which is why Romans in Gaul needed .
</li><li>Latin is only one of many Romance languages and is not the earliest or only early one; it is only the most noted ("powerful") early one. It grew from a mixture of Italic Romance languages with Etruscan (and other Old Italic), Greek, Germanic and Celtic admixtures. When we say that "Latin is the ancestor of modern Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish, Romanian)" it is a case of simplification. Latin as we know it, used to serve as a "high" language, as a literary language and as an imperial lingua franca already during most of the Roman period, and there were many socially and regionally distributed spoken varieties alongside it. Modern Roman languages were derived from various spoken varieties that we refer to as "Vulgar Latin," though some of those may have been separate languages in Roman times already, just weren't written because they were considered ... well, "vulgar."
</li><li>German is only one of many Germanic languages. It developed from Common Germanic (and please note the difference between "German" and "Germanic") and probably took on special features because of Celtic and other substrates of languages that used to be spoken in the south before Germanic southward expansion. While during the Middle Ages it took on Latin influences like virtually all other European languages, German did
<span style="font-style: italic;">not </span>descend from Latin, nor did any other Germanic language descend from Latin or from any other Romance language.</li><li>German is <span style="font-style: italic;">not</span> the ancestor of English. The languages from which Old English developed were varieties of Old Saxon, Anglic, Old Jutish, Old Low Frankish and Old Frisian -- not Old German. Later, Old Scandinavian influenced English, then medieval Norman French, besides Latin in learned and religious circles. I say "influenced," not "descended from."
</li><li>Personally, I do not consider St. Cyril's changes in the development of the Cyrillic script from the Greek script "puzzling," stunning or anything of the sort. You will know what I mean if you take a look at varieties of the Old Cyrillic script (such as is used for Old Church Slavonic). Cyril needed to add symbols to represent what he considered Slavonic sounds that were alien to Greek. The modern form of the Cyrillic script is the result of centuries of permutations with little to no reference to the Greek script.
</li><li>Even if there were contacts with the Sanskrit-speaking or -writing world, I simply cannot see how transformations from Greek to Cyrillic script could be attributable to the देवनागरी Devanāgarī script (with which Sanskrit and some modern languages of the northern Indian Subcontinent are written). However, please do bear in mind that the European scripts and the Indic scripts are in fact distant relatives with roots in the Near East.
<br></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="sg">Please don't get me wrong. I'm all for considering and exploring
ancient Eurasian contacts. But I believe we must stay away from unsubstantiated ideas and flights of fancy. <br><br>Clearly, there used to be a lot of traffic between the Russian steppes, the Caucasus and Anatolia in the east and Western Europe in the west, and this includes occasional contacts (
e.g. trading) as well as migration. Furthermore, there was the Silk Road -- and we have no idea exactly how ancient it is -- that ran between Constantinopel <span class="sg">(today's </span>Istanbul in Western Turkey) and 長安 Chang'an (
<span class="sg"><span class="sg">today's </span></span><span class="sg"></span>西安 Xi'an, a city in Central Northern China). There are indications that not only wares were transported along it but people and knowledge as well. Alexander's Macedonian conquest followed about the western half of it, apparently up to Transoxania in today's Uzbekistan. There are now ethnic groups along the way that consider themselves (in part) descendants of Macedonian soldiers.
<br> </span></div></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Information and assumedly people used to be transported across Eurasia very early. Most people traveled only parts of the way, some apparently all the way. The Indian Subcontinent and, north of it, the heartland of Central Asia may be seen as halfway marks; they had direct exchanges with both China and the Eastern Mediterranean region.
<br><br>Please note what I mentioned in my introduction to the Kannada language (</span><a style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" href="http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/kannada-info.php">lowlands-l.net/anniversary/kannada-info.php
</a><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">) at our anniversary site -- and bear in mind that Kannada is not an Indo-European language but a Dravidian language now used in Southern India (though it appears to have been shifted there from the north):
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Of particular interest to European tradition is that a Kannada skit dialogue is featured in a Greek burlesque play, the Charition mime, which is found on Papyrus 413 of Oxyrhynchus (Pr-Medjed, al-Bahnasa), Egypt, and dates back at least to the second century CE. The play seems to be based upon Euripides'
<span style="font-style: italic;">Iphigeneia in Tauris</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">Iφιγένεια ή έν Ταύροις</span>) but is set in India instead of Greece. This seems to prove that linguistic knowledge was passed on between India and the Mediterranean region at least as far back as in the early part of the first millennium CE.
</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"> Published in 1904, these findings by E. Hultzsch were criticized and dismissed at the time. Discovered in the meantime, the Halmidi Kannada inscription of 450 AD corroborates many of Hultzsch' theories about the development of Kannada and lends much credence to his work on the papyrus inscription.
</span><br></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br>