<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 03 April 2007 - Volume 01</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span><span id="_user_Clarkedavid8@aol.com" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">"<a href="mailto:Clarkedavid8@aol.com">Clarkedavid8@aol.com
</a>"</span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="lg"> <<a href="mailto:Clarkedavid8@aol.com">Clarkedavid8@aol.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Subject: LL-L "History" 2007.04.02 (03) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2">
<div>
<div><font style="background-color: transparent;" color="#000000" size="2">John Welch wrote:</font></div>
<div><font style="background-color: transparent;" color="#000000" size="2">"If Scythians did not become "Saxons", the Scythian influence was a
long-term fact of life, with Polish nobles identifying with it until last
century."</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div>I thought that the Slavonic and specifically Russian identification with
the "Scythians" only occurred in the late nineteenth century and was a
phenomenon of nineteenth-century nationalism, when nation states emphasised
their uniqueness and raison d'etre by identifying their original
ancestors, such as the Anglo Saxons, Celts or Gauls. This provides much of the
humour of Asterix the Gaul and also led to Alexander Blok's very silly early
20th century poem "The Scyths".</div>
<div> </div>
<div>David Clarke<br><br>----------<br><br>From: <span id="_user_wes.parish@paradise.net.nz" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Wesley Parish <<a href="mailto:wes.parish@paradise.net.nz">wes.parish@paradise.net.nz</a>>
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="lg"></span><br>Subject: LL-L "History" 2007.04.02 (03) [E]<br><br><div style="direction: ltr;">On Tuesday 03 April 2007 08:57, Lowlands-L List wrote:<br><snip>
<br></div><div style="direction: ltr;"><span class="q">> From: R. F. Hahn <<a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>> Subject: History
<br>><br>> Hi, Bryan!<br>><br>> You lost me somewhere along the way ...<br>><br>> - The Romance and Celtic language branches grew from a common branch<br>> off Indo-European. They are therefore more closely related to each other
<br>> than to other Indo-European branches. In Roman times, Latin (Romance)<br>> and Gaulish (Celtic) were to a certain degree mutually intelligible, but<br>> apparently only in the sense that certain words could be made out here and
<br>> there (which is why Romans in Gaul needed .<br>> - Latin is only one of many Romance languages and is not the earliest<br><br></span></div><div style="direction: ltr;">Specifically, it is the Italic language that grew up from the people who
<br>settled the township/city called Roma. Other Italic languages include Oscan<br>and Umbrian, which happen to be the most closely related Italic languages<br>known at present - Oscan spoken to the south-west, if I remember correctly -
<br>Pompei was an Oscan-speaking town, again IIRC, and Umbrian to the north.<br>They are relatively widely attested - which means that they have a large<br>number of grave-stones inscribed in them, and there are some longer
<br>inscriptions. No racy novels, alas! ;)<br><br>There are a set of other Italic languages - Venetic is one, and the names of<br>the rest I've forgotten.<br><br>Italic is the term for Indo-European languages spoken in Italy before the rise
<br>of the Roman Empire; Romance is the term for the languages developed from<br>Latin during the later [mostly Western] Roman Empire and the interregnum<br>following its collapse and the establishment of modern Europe. (Sorry to
<br>nit-pick. ;)<br></div><div style="direction: ltr;"><span class="q">> or only early one; it is only the most noted ("powerful") early one. It<br>> grew from a mixture of Italic Romance languages with Etruscan (and other
<br><br></span></div><div style="direction: ltr;">Etruscan's not an Indo-European language. It would be interesting to find out<br>if any aspects of the Tuscany dialect developed out of Etruscan "flavouring"
<br>the Vulgar Latin spoken in that province.<br><br>Unfortunately, time has not been kind to us - most of the surviving Etruscan<br>happens to be grave inscriptions, and the like. The longest Etruscan text is<br>unaccompanied by any translation, so we can only read dribs and drabs of it.
<br><br>In such conditions, speculation runs rife.<br></div><div style="direction: ltr;"><span class="q">> Old Italic), Greek, Germanic and Celtic admixtures. When we say that "Latin<br>> is the ancestor of modern Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish,
<br>> Romanian)" it is a case of simplification. Latin as we know it, used to<br>> serve as a "high" language, as a literary language and as an imperial<br>> lingua franca already during most of the Roman period, and there were many
<br>> socially and regionally distributed spoken varieties alongside it. Modern<br>> Roman languages were derived from various spoken varieties that we refer to<br>> as "Vulgar Latin," though some of those may have been separate languages in
<br>> Roman times already, just weren't written because they were considered ...<br>> well, "vulgar."<br></span></div><div style="direction: ltr;"><snip><br></div><div style="direction: ltr;"><span class="q">
> Information and assumedly people used to be transported across Eurasia very<br>> early. Most people traveled only parts of the way, some apparently all the<br>> way. The Indian Subcontinent and, north of it, the heartland of Central
<br>> Asia may be seen as halfway marks; they had direct exchanges with both<br>> China and the Eastern Mediterranean region.<br>><br>> Please note what I mentioned in my introduction to the Kannada language (
<br>> <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/kannada-info.php" target="_blank">lowlands-l.net/anniversary/kannada-info.php</a>) at our anniversary site -- and<br>
> bear in mind that Kannada is not an Indo-European language but a Dravidian<br>> language now used in Southern India (though it appears to have been shifted<br>> there from the north):<br>><br>> Of particular interest to European tradition is that a Kannada skit
<br>> dialogue is featured in a Greek burlesque play, the Charition mime, which<br><br></span></div><div style="direction: ltr;">Now you have my mouth wide open. This is the first I've ever heard of a<br>language from the Indian subcontinent recorded in a Mediterranean script!
<br>Subconsciously, I would have expected Sanskrit - but it doesn't sound like it<br>was "serious" enough to include a classical Indian language. It sounds like<br>the way the Prakrit speeches are used in Sanskrit drama - lesser beings such
<br>as the women and the servants speak in Prakrit, while the gods, kings,<br>princes, and generals all speak Sanskrit.<br></div><div style="direction: ltr;"><span class="q">> is found on Papyrus 413 of Oxyrhynchus (Pr-Medjed, al-Bahnasa), Egypt, and
<br>> dates back at least to the second century CE. The play seems to be based<br>> upon<br>> Euripides' Iphigeneia<br>> in Tauris (Iφιγένεια ή έν Ταύροις) but is set in India instead of Greece.<br>> This seems to prove that linguistic knowledge was passed on between India
<br>> and the Mediterranean region at least as far back as in the early part of<br>> the first millennium CE.<br>> Published in 1904, these findings by E. Hultzsch were criticized and<br>> dismissed at the time. Discovered in the meantime, the Halmidi Kannada
<br>> inscription of 450 AD corroborates many of Hultzsch' theories about the<br>> development of Kannada and lends much credence to his work on the papyrus<br>> inscription.<br>><br>> Regards,<br>> Reinhard/Ron
<br><br></span></div><div style="direction: ltr;">Wesley Parish<br></div><span class="sg">--<br>Clinersterton beademung, with all of love - RIP James Blish<br>-----<br>Mau e ki, he aha te mea nui?<br>You ask, what is the most important thing?
<br>Maku e ki, he tangata, he tangata, he tangata.<br>I reply, it is people, it is people, it is people.<br><br>----------<br><br></span><font><font color="#000000" size="2">From: <span id="_user_wes.parish@paradise.net.nz" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">
</span></font></font><span id="_user_isaacmacdonalddavis@gmail.com" style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);">"Isaac M. Davis" <<a href="mailto:isaacmacdonalddavis@gmail.com">isaacmacdonalddavis@gmail.com</a>></span>
<font><font color="#000000" size="2"><span id="_user_wes.parish@paradise.net.nz" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);"></span><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="lg"></span><br>
Subject: LL-L "History" 2007.04.02 (03) [E]<br><br>
</font></font>Ron wrote:<br><div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
<span><div><ul><li>
The Romance and Celtic language branches grew from a common branch off
Indo-European. They are therefore more closely related to each other
than to other Indo-European branches. In Roman times, Latin (Romance)
and Gaulish (Celtic) were to a certain degree mutually intelligible,
but apparently only in the sense that certain words could be made out
here and there (which is why Romans in Gaul needed [to speak Greek(?)].
</li></ul></div></span></blockquote><div> Actually, as far as I
know, the Italo-Celtic hypothesis is pretty much defunct. There are
definitely similarities, even within IE as a whole, but the current
line of thinking is that the resemblance between the Italic* languages
and Celtic ones is due to areal proximity rather than genetic
relationship.
<br><br>* (Romance is a subgroup of Italic, albeit the only extant one, in the
same way that the Insular group of Celtic languages is the only extant
one.)</div><span class="q"><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"><span><div><ul><li>Latin
is only one of many Romance languages and is not the earliest or only
early one; it is only the most noted ("powerful") early one. It grew
from a mixture of Italic Romance languages with Etruscan (and other Old
Italic), Greek, Germanic and Celtic admixtures. When we say that "Latin
is the ancestor of modern Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish,
Romanian)" it is a case of simplification. Latin as we know it, used to
serve as a "high" language, as a literary language and as an imperial
lingua franca already during most of the Roman period, and there were
many socially and regionally distributed spoken varieties alongside it.
Modern Roman languages were derived from various spoken varieties that
we refer to as "Vulgar Latin," though some of those may have been
separate languages in Roman times already, just weren't written because
they were considered ... well, "vulgar."
</li></ul></div></span></blockquote></span></div>As
I noted, I think it's important to distinguish between Italic languages
as a whole and the Romance subgroup. Oscan, Umbrian, and the like have
only transmitted their legacy as substrates on modern Romance languages
(probably only ones in Italy, actually, as Latin vanquished its
siblings before expanding outside of the peninsula, and I don't think
there was much or any outmigration of speakers of Italic languages
before that time), but even that is enough to merit the distinction.
<br><br>Nitpickingly yours,<br><br>Isaac M. Davis<span class="sg"><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><br>Westron wynd, when wilt thou blow<br>The smalle rain down can rain<br>Christ yf my love were in my arms<br>And I yn my bed again
<br><br>----------<br><br>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: History<br><br>Thanks loads for your "nitpicking," Wesley and Isaac. I consider it justified. In hindsight I can see that those clarifications are needed, because I came across sounding as though I believed Etruscan was Indo-European, and in my endeavor to simplify I muddled up the Italic vs Romance thing.
<br><br>Isaac, interesting about the advance regarding theories about Celtic vs Romance! I must say that it makes me feel relieved, because I've wondered all along if we weren't mostly </span><font><font color="#000000" size="2">
<span class="sg">dealing </span></font></font><span class="sg">with borrowing, i.e., contacts. And I wonder if the same will come about (if it hasn't already) regarding the "Balto-Slavonic" hypothesis.<br><br>
Wes, remember that the Dravidian languages, and Kannada in particular, have very long histories, and some of them were classical languages in their days.</span><font><font color="#000000" size="2"><span class="sg"> Extant
Kannada works go back about one and a half millennia, and the earliest
ones show signs of highly developed literary languages.</span></font></font><span class="sg"> Extant Tamil literature goes back to 200 BCE, and in 2004 the Indian government officially declared Tamil a "classical language."
<br><br>Besides, as I mentioned, most Dravidian varieties of Southern India (Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, etc.) are now believed to have been northern ones originally, that the survivors are descendants of a northern refugee community in the south, so to speak, while those now used north of them (Central Dravidian,
e.g., Telugu) do not seem to have migrated. Apparently Brahui, Kurukh, Malto and the Paharia varieties of Pakistan, Nepal and Northern India are therefore holdout enclaves of Northern Dravidian. <br><br>Sanskrit and Dravidian influenced each other, very much so. (Indo-Aryan phonology is strongly Dravidicized, for instance, something we need to bear in mind when we use Sanskrit data in etymological research.) It may thus be fair to assume that the earlier strata of Indo-Aryan influences on what are now the South Dravidian languages
</span><font><font color="#000000" size="2"><span class="sg"> (Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, etc.) are due to contacts in the north of the Indian Subcontinent, are pre-migration influences, in other words. <br><br>It's a great big peeve among speakers of Dravidian that all attention is on Indo-Aryan languages and Classical Dravidian is usually disregarded. I suppose this goes along with the common refusal, especially in the south, to accept Hindi as India's national language. Many would rather use English as the national lingua franca because it is "neutral."
<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron</span></font></font><br><span class="sg"><br>----------<br><br></span><font><font color="#000000" size="2"><font><font color="#000000" size="2">From: <span id="_user_wes.parish@paradise.net.nz" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">
</span></font></font><span id="_user_isaacmacdonalddavis@gmail.com" style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);"></span></font></font><span id="_user_roepstem@hotmail.com" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Marcel Bas</span><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="lg">
<<a href="mailto:roepstem@hotmail.com">roepstem@hotmail.com</a>></span><font><font color="#000000" size="2"><span id="_user_isaacmacdonalddavis@gmail.com" style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);"></span><font><font color="#000000" size="2">
<span id="_user_wes.parish@paradise.net.nz" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);"></span><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="lg"></span><br>
Subject: </font></font></font></font>LL-L "History" 2007.04.02 (02) [E]<font><font color="#000000" size="2"><font><font color="#000000" size="2"><br></font></font></font></font><blockquote>
<div>
<div>
<div style="direction: ltr;">Sandy Fleming wrote:</div>
<div style="direction: ltr;"> </div>
<div style="direction: ltr;">>I've often come across polemics about the "duality of nature" and then <br>>again other effusions about how so many things come in threes. I think<br>>these numbers crop up more frequently because they're small, and
<br>>moreover because we can visualise them and so tend to notice them more, <br>>not because any of this means anything, or that connections can be made<br>>based on small cardinals.<br></div></div>
<div>Besides the common
attempts to show that the magic number 'three' is a recurrent theme in
Indo-European (nay, universal) mythology, there is also 'something'
about the magic number 'two'. There seem to be powerful twin
brothers in the Celtic, Germanic and Greek pantheons. According to
some scholars this demonstrates a common origin for these mythologies.
Does anyone know about twins operating in the Walhallas of
non-Indo-European peoples? I think these themes are so recurrent and
universal that it is not likely that they demonstrate a common
mythologic origin, but rather that it demonstrates universal
characteristics of the human psychology and family (twins happen to be
born, whether it happens in Oceania or in Africa; three people have
better and perhaps more convincing outcomes of discussions when it's
three of them, etc.</div></div>
<div>
<div style="direction: ltr;"> </div>
<div style="direction: ltr;">Ed Alexander wrote:</div></div>
<div>
<div> </div>
<div>>The way we see it
up here is that the Davidian spoken in places like Waco descended from
the Kanadian up here in the >north.<br></div>
<div>Blame Canada!</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Groetnis,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Marcel.</div></div></blockquote></div></div></font><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">