<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L  -  28 August 2007 - Volume 02</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <
<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: Grammar</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Another interesting tidbit could be picked up in Roland's response to Theo's inquiry, namely West Flemish forms like the following:
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
ik </span>horn <span style="font-weight: bold;">ik</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'I listen', 'I'm listening'<br></font><font style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" face="Arial" size="2">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">je </span>hort <span style="font-weight: bold;">gie </span>~ </font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
j'</span> hort <span style="font-weight: bold;">gie</span></span> 'you listen', 'you're listening'</font><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" face="Arial" size="2">
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">hj' </span>hort <span style="font-weight: bold;">hie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'he listens', 'he's listening'
<br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ze </span>hort <span style="font-weight: bold;">zie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'she listens', 'she's listening'
<br><br></font><div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ik </span>hoorn <span style="font-weight: bold;">ik</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">
 </span>'I hear', 'I'm hearing'<br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">je </span>hoort <span style="font-weight: bold;">gie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">
 </span>~ <span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">j' </span>hoort <span style="font-weight: bold;">gie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'you hear', 'you're hearing'
<br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">hj' </span>hoord <span style="font-weight: bold;">hie</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span> 'he hears', 'he's hearing'
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">z' </span>hoort <span style="font-weight: bold;">zie</span></span> 'she hears', she's hearing'
<br><br>What we got here is a repetition of the personal pronoun in each case (where <span style="font-style: italic;">je</span> and <span style="font-style: italic;">gie</span> coincide for 'you'); thus, "I hear I," "you hear you," etc., as opposed to Standard Dutch:
<br><br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ik</span> luister </span>I listen', 'I'm listening'<br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">je</span>
 luistert</span></font><font size="2"> 'you listen', 'you're listening'</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
he</span> luistert </span></font><font size="2">'he listens', 'he's listening'</font><br><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ze </span>luistert </span></font>
<font size="2">'she listens', 'she's listening'</font><br><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">ik</span> hoor</span></font><font size="2"> 'I hear', 'I'm hearing'
</font><br><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">je </span>hoort</span></font><font size="2"> 'you hear', 'you're hearing'</font><br><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">he </span>hoort</span></font><font size="2"> 'he hears', 'he's hearing'</font><br><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ze </span>
hoort</span> </font><font size="2"> 'she hears', she's hearing'<br><br>Looking at languages worldwide, we find find the Ostend West Flemish construction as one of the permissible constructions among the Eastern Turkic languages (which belong to the Altaic family).  In Uyghur, the main Turkic language of Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang, now under Chinese administration) permissible structure in rendering the above are as follows:
<br><br><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">män</span>)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>tiŋšiwati<span style="font-weight: bold;">män</span>
</span> </font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>'I listen', 'I'm listening'</font><br style="font-style: italic;"><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">sän</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> tiŋšiwati<span style="font-weight: bold;">sän</span></span></font><font size="2"> 'thou listenst', 'thou art listening' (fam.)
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font>
<font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
siz</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> tiŋšiwati
<span style="font-weight: bold;">siz</span></span></font><font size="2"> </font><font size="2"> 'you listen', 'you're listening' (pol.)</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span></span><br style="font-style: italic;"><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">män</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> aŋliwati<span style="font-weight: bold;">män</span></span></font><font size="2"> 'I hear', 'I'm hearing'
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font>
<font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
sän</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>aŋliwati
<span style="font-weight: bold;">sän</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></font><font size="2"> 'thou hear'est, 'thou art hearing' (fam.)</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">siz</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> aŋliwati<span style="font-weight: bold;">siz</span></span></font><font size="2"> 'you hear', 'you're hearing' (pol.)
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br style="font-style: italic;"><br>In all of the above constructions, the first occurrence of the personal pronoun is optional and is often used emphatically, while the second occurrence is mandatory.  As is suggested by the spelled forms, the second occurrence is enclitic.  This means that the pronoun has been fused with the preceding verbs construction to some degree, not to the degree of a suffix (which in Uyghur is fully integrated into the word's phonology: stress assignment and vowel harmony).  In some other Turkic languages, full suffixization of these former personal pronouns has indeed taken place.  In theory at least, this could happen in Ostend Western Flemish if it were left to its own devices, 
i.e., came to be isolated from related language varieties.  Just for the "fun" of it, let me show you what this would most likely look like (hypothetically, mind you):<br><br></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ik</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hor<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
n</span></span>ik</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'I listen', 'I'm listening'<br>
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font style="font-style: italic;" size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
je</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font style="font-style: italic;" size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hor<span style="font-weight: bold;">
dgie </span>~ </font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
je</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"> hor<span style="font-weight: bold;">tchie</span>
</span> 'you listen', 'you're listening'</font><br>
<font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
hj</span>'<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font style="font-style: italic;" size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span>hor<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">t</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span>ie </span></font><font style="font-style: italic;" size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'he listens', 'he's listening'<br>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span>
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ze</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2">
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hor<span style="font-weight: bold;">dzie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>~ </font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ze</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hor<span style="font-weight: bold;">tsie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">
 </span></font><font size="2">'she listens', 'she's listening'<br>
<br>
</font>
<div><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
ik</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hoor
<span style="font-weight: bold;">nik</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>'I hear', 'I'm hearing'<br>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span>
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">je</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2">
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hoor<span style="font-weight: bold;">dgie</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>~ <span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
j'</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;">) </span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>hoor<span style="font-weight: bold;">tchie
</span></span> 'you hear', 'you're hearing'<br>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span>
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">hj' </span>hoor<span style="font-weight: bold;">die</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>
 'he hears', 'he's hearing'</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span>
</font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">z'</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>)</span></font><font size="2">
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hoor<span style="font-weight: bold;">dzie</span></span> ~ </font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">z'</span></span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
</span>)</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>hoor<span style="font-weight: bold;">tsie </span></span></font><font size="2">'she hears', she's hearing'
</font></div><br><font size="2">Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br></font></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">