<font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2"> <br>L O W L A N D S - L - 05 September 2007 - Volume 02<br>Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)<br>=========================================================================
<br><br>From: "<a href="mailto:KarlRein@aol.com">KarlRein@aol.com</a>" <<a href="mailto:KarlRein@aol.com">KarlRein@aol.com</a>><br>Subject: Stair(s). pant(s) etc.<br><br></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" id="role_document" color="#000000" face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2">
<div>It may not be worth mentioning, but it occurs to me that I would say "a
trouser leg", but am ambivalent about the "s" in "a pant(s) leg," and would
probably use the plural form. Maybe it is just me?</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Groetjes.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Karl Reinhardt</div></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2"><br>----------<br><br>From: <span id="_user_wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Paul Finlow-Bates <<a href="mailto:wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk">
wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk</a>></span><br>Subject: LL-L "Grammar" 2007.09.05 (01) [E]<br>
</font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" id="role_document" color="#000000" face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2">
</font><p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">English certainly has a long history of confused plurals. A
well-known one is "children", with the earlier plural of "child" being
"childer". This got double-pluralised to "childer-en".</font></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">The reverse is seen in the vegetable "pea". This was earlier
"pease", plural "peasen", but English uses the "s" plural as standard,
so by back-formation singular is deduced to be "pea".</font></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Once you get to animals, many have no special plural (sheep and deer
being obvious cases), and in "big game" speech this seems to extend to
many animals - "a herd of buffalo" for example. And trying to explain
the English umlaut plurals (mouse-mice, goose-geese) to a non-native
speaker is as complicated as German (why not "house-hice" and
"moose-meese"?).</font></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I was recently informed that whereas several small rodents are
"mice", several desk-top computer control devices are "mouses". Not
sure about that one!</font></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">As to what you call several little snake-hunting viverids, that's
anybody's guess. "A mongoose, and some others" has been suggested.</font></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Paul Finlow-Bates</font></p><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2">----------<br><br>From: <span id="_user_Dutchmatters@comcast.net" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">
Jacqueline Bungenberg de Jong <<a href="mailto:Dutchmatters@comcast.net">Dutchmatters@comcast.net</a>></span><br>
Subject: LL-L "Grammar" 2007.09.05 (01) [E]<br><br></font><p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font color="navy" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;">Hi Ron and all other Lowlanders. The
heavens be thanked. My computer has finally been fixed and I am now plowing
slowly through some 250 e-mails. Somebody ought to do some research on the
correlation of computer failure and very long weekends. Anyhow it is not Murphy's
fault, rather I think we should put the onus on Mrs. Murphy – the mother
who "birthed" him.</span></font></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font color="navy" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;">Re: the Singular/Plural phenomenon. In
Dutch the word for staircase is "trap", but the fact that the steps
are called "treden" makes it easy for us to think of the whole
contraption as a singular unit. The English staircase is singular and consists
of umpteen "stairs" (but you also could use steps). Jacqueline <br><br>----------<br><br></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Grammar<br><br>Thanks for the silence-breaking responses!<br><br>Paul, double plurals occur in other Lowlands languages also. For instance, Dutch has singular <span style="font-style: italic;">
kind</span> 'child' and plural <span style="font-style: italic;">kinderen</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">kind-er-en</span>), and many Low Saxon dialects have the equivalent <span style="font-style: italic;">
Kind</span> vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Kinners</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">Kind-er-s</span>), much like Afrikaans <span style="font-style: italic;">kind</span> vs <span style="font-style: italic;">
kinders</span> ~ <span style="font-style: italic;">kinners</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">kind-er-s</span>).</font><font size="2"><br></font></p><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2">At least the Northern Low Saxon dialects have some homophone singular and plural forms for some "mass" (
i.e., edible) animals, such as <span style="font-style: italic;">Swien</span> (pig) vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Swien</span> (pigs, hence s<span style="font-style: italic;">wine</span>), <span style="font-style: italic;">
Schaap</span> vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Schaap</span> (sheep), and <span style="font-style: italic;">Fisch</span> vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Fisch</span> (fish). However, I'm not sure if this doesn't only
<span style="font-style: italic;">seem</span> this way. These words all take the plural suffix <span style="font-style: italic;">-e</span> in German (<span style="font-style: italic;">Schwein<span style="font-weight: bold;">
e</span></span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Schaf<span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span></span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Fisch<span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span></span>), and this <span style="font-style: italic;">
-e</span>, occurring more rarely, has been dropped in most Northern Low Saxon dialects. (I believe it's the same in Mennonite Low Saxon: <span style="font-style: italic;">Schwien </span>vs <span style="font-style: italic;">
Schwien</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Schop</span> vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Schop</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Fesch</span> vs <span style="font-style: italic;">Fesch)</span>.<br><br>Jacqueline, welcome to the world of the wired! What you said about stairs in Dutch applies to Low Saxon and German also:
<br><br>Low Saxon: a <span style="font-style: italic;">Trepp</span> ~ <span style="font-style: italic;">Trapp</span> ~ <span style="font-style: italic;">Tröpp</span> consists of <span style="font-style: italic;">Trääd'
</span> (~ Treed ~ Trää ~ Tree, singular <span style="font-style: italic;">Tridd</span> ~ <span style="font-style: italic;">Tredd</span>).<br><br>German: a <span style="font-style: italic;">Treppe</span> consists of <span style="font-style: italic;">
Stufen</span> (singular <span style="font-style: italic;">Stufe</span>).<br><br>I think that English "stair" is ambiguous these days in that it can denote either of these, though I have a hunch that it started off as "flight of stairs" and "ladder," considering that (
<span style="font-style: italic;">stǣƽer</span> / <span style="font-style: italic;">stæ^ger</span>) "stair" literally meant '"climber" (Low Saxon *"Stieger", German *"Steiger") ;
e.g. (<span style="font-style: italic;">OED</span>):<br><br>1000: <span style="font-style: italic;">he feoll of anre stæ</span>ƽ<span style="font-style: italic;">re</span> (flight of stairs)<br>1387: <span style="font-style: italic;">
þrewe hym doun of a staire </span>(flight of stairs)</font> <div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="qt"></div><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2">1400: <span style="font-style: italic;">on ilka staffe of a staire stike wald a cluster
</span> (ladder)<br><br>The sense of "step" or "rung" seems to have come in no earlier than in the 14th century:<br><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Wymmen vnwytte þat ... bitwene þe stele and þe stayƺre disserne not cunen.
</span><br><br>The <span style="font-style: italic;">OED</span> supplies a note about Scots (and Scottish English?):<br><br></font><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">
Still the ordinary use in Scotland, where 'up the stair', 'down the stair' are the usual equivalents for upstairs, downstairs, and '(to go up) six stairs' means what in England would be expressed by 'six flights of stairs'. (The whole series of steps between two successive floors counts, however, as a single 'stair', even when it consists of two or more 'flights' or portions separated by a landing.) In England the sing. in this sense is now very rare, exc. in phr.
<span style="font-weight: bold;">on the stair</span>, which is itself slightly archaic.</span><br></font></div><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2"><br>And here's another topic triggered by an example sentence I supplied in my previous posting:
<br><br></font><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" size="2">"Let's do a loose jean with that outfit,"</font><font size="2">
<br></font></div><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2"><br>Obviously, "do" is the default and replacement verb in English. Apart from replacing (usually sexual) taboo verbs, its use as a replacement verb in jargons seems to be on the increase. The example above is from the world of fashion, where "do" usually denotes "use as a part of an ensemble." In culinary jargon, "do" simply means "prepare" (
e.g., "We'll first do a simple field greens salad and then seared salmon on arugula."), perhaps because it frees the speaker from having to decide on a specific verb, especially in the case of combinations of ingredients that are fried, steamed, boiled, baked, stewed, raw, etc.
<br><br>That "do" is the default" is seen in its use in tag questions; e.g., "You cook a lot, don't you?", "You don't like this, do you?"<br><br>As an aside, "do" can also serve as a noun, such as in "the do('s) and don't('s) of investing," and as an abbreviation of "hairdo" (
e.g., "Good morning, sleepy head! Nice do! Not!").<br><br>Furthermore, there's the jocular use of "do," which I suspect is based on its jargon use as in "Let's do lunch sometime!" (instead of ordinary "Let's have lunch together sometime!"). So you can hear exchanges like the following:
<br><br>A: Just text me if you need more info.<br>B: Sorry. I don't do computers<br><br>A: Why not invite the whole family over to your cottage for the long weekend?<br>B: Nah! We don't do kids for more than an hour or two.
<br></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2"><br></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2">Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br></font>