<font size="2"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 07 September 2007 - Volume 02</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span>
<span id="_user_wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Paul Finlow-Bates <<a href="mailto:wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk">wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Grammar" 2007.09.06 (01) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></font><div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<p style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><font size="2">From: Theo Homan <<a href="mailto:theohoman@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">theohoman@yahoo.com
</a>><br>Subject: LL-L "Grammar" 2007.09.05 (02) [E]<br></font>
</p><div style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><font size="2">Hallo,<br><br>It's nice to see that many Dutch 'double plurals' <br>after so many centuries still keep the old forms in
<br>compounds.<br>So: kind - kinderen, but: kinderspeelplaats;<br>So: ei - eieren, but: eierhandel.<br><br><a href="http://vr.gr/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">vr.gr
</a>.<br></font></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 40px;"><font size="2"><span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Theo Homan</span><br></span></font></div>
<div style="direction: ltr;"><font size="2"><span><br></span></font></div></div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Interestingly, Caxton notes "eyren" for eggs in London in the late 15thC.</font></div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<font size="2"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Paul Finlow-Bates</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">----------
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span><span id="_user_desnerck.roland@skynet.be" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Roland Desnerck</span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="lg"> <<a href="mailto:desnerck.roland@skynet.be">desnerck.roland@skynet.be</a>></span><span id="_user_wolf_thunder51@yahoo.co.uk" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Grammar" 2007.09.06 (01) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</font><div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Beste Lowlanders,</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Aan het lijstje toevoegen:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">kalf - kalveren (kalverliefde)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">rad - raderen (raderwerk).</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Meervouden van</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">appel - appels/appelen (appelboom)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">volk - volken/volkeren (volkswoede)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">enz.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">In het Oostends kennen we het eigenaardige meervoud
op </font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">-ers, in de andere West-Vlaamse dialecten niet
gekend.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain joeng - twi joengers</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain vint - twi vinters</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain wuuf - twi wuuvers</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain kiend - twi kienders</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain loenge - twi loengers (die i!s wel gekend
buiten Oostende)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain oarme - twi oamers (de meeste Oostendenaars
zeggen evenwel "oarmes").</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Eigenaardig ook:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain keunienk - twi keunieng (koning)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">ain rienk - twi rieng (ring)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">poddienk - poddieng (pudding)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">wietienk - wietieng (wijting)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">hoarienk - hoarieng (haring)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">enz.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">En dan de vele meervouden op -s:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">hémdes, klairs, knies, ores, sjhoes, stains, tais,
enz. (voor: hemden, klederen, knieën, oren, schoenen, stenen,
tenen...)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Toetnoasteki,</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Roand Desnerck uut Osténde,
West-Vlaanderen<br><br>----------<br><br></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" size="2">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Grammar<br><br>Hi, Roland! And thanks for the Ostend dialect examples.<br><br>You thought the following were peculiar:<br><br></font><div><font size="2">keunienk - keunieng 'king'
<br></font></div>
<div><font size="2">rienk - rieng 'ring'<br></font></div>
<div><font size="2">poddienk - poddieng 'pudding'<br></font></div>
<div><font size="2">wietienk - wietieng 'whiting'<br></font></div>
<div><font size="2">hoarienk - hoarieng 'herring'<br></font></div>
<font size="2"><br>It's pretty clear to me what's going on here phonologically. It the disappearing <span style="font-style: italic;">-e</span> which plays all sorts of pranks in the Low Franconian and Low Saxon varieties.
<br><br>I believe that the original (underlying?) forms were (are?) as follows:<br><br>kø:ning - køninge<br>ring - ringe<br>poding - podinge<br>wi:ting - wi:tinge<br>ha:ring - ha:ringe<br><br>The following phonological rules come into play:
<br><br></font><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><font size="2">1. (irrelevant:) vowel lengthening before sonorants:<br> ring -> ri:ng<br>2. (irrelevant:) velar assimilation:<br> ri:ng -> ri:ŋg<br>3. final devoicing:
<br> ri:ŋg -> ri:ŋk<br>4. schwa elesion:<br> ri:ŋgǝ -> ri:ŋg<br>5. <span style="font-style: italic;">g </span>assimilation:<br> ri:ŋg -> ri:ŋŋ (= ri:ŋ)<br><br></font></div><font size="2">The sequence 3, 4 is very important. Final devoicing (which is universal within the Low German group, also in German and in Northern British varieties) takes place first and thus "hardens" the /g/ in the singular form, but the /g/ in the plural form is not "hardened" because it is not final. Only after that is the schwa (
<span style="font-style: italic;">-e</span>) delegted.<br><br></font><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><font size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Final devoicing:</span><br>kø:ni:ŋg -> kø:ni:ŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;">
k</span> | kø:ni:ngǝ -> kø:ni:ŋgǝ<br>ri:ŋg -> ri:ŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;">k</span> | ri:ŋgǝ -> ri:ŋgǝ<br>podiŋ:g -> podi:ŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;">k</span> | podi:ŋgǝ -> podi:ŋgǝ<br>wi:ti:ŋg -> wi:ti:ŋ
<span style="font-weight: bold;">k</span> | wi:ti:ŋgǝ -> wi:ti:ŋgǝ<br>ha:ri:ŋg -> ha:ri:ŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;">k</span> | ha:ri:ŋgǝ -> ha:ri:ŋgǝ<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Schwa-elesion:
</span><br>kø:ni:ŋk -> kø:ni:ŋk | kø:ni:ŋgǝ -> kø:ni:ŋg_<br>ri:ŋk -> ri:ŋk | ri:ŋgǝ -> ri:ŋg_<br>podi:ŋk -> podi:ŋk | podi:ŋgǝ -> podi:ŋg_<br>wi:ti:ŋk -> wi:ti:ŋk | wi:ti:ŋgǝ -> wi:ti:ŋg_<br>ha:ri:ŋk -> ha:ri:ŋk | ha:ri:ŋgǝ -> ha:ri:ŋg_
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br><br>5. <span style="font-style: italic;">g</span> assimilation:<br></span>kø:ni:ŋk -> kø:ni:ŋk | kø:ni:ŋgǝ -> kø:ni:ŋŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
ri:ŋk ->
ri:ŋk | ri:ŋgǝ -> ri:ŋŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
podi:ŋk -> podi:ŋk | podi:ŋgǝ -> podi:ŋŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
wi:ti:ŋk -> wi:ti:ŋk | wi:ti:ŋgǝ -> wi:ti:ŋŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
ha:ri:ŋk -> ha:ri:ŋk | ha:ri:ŋgǝ -> ha:ri:ŋŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br><br></font></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><font size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Phonetic output:<br></span>kø:ni:ŋk | kø:niŋ
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>ri:ŋk | ri:ŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>podiŋk | podiŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>wi:tiŋk | wi:tiŋ<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>ha:riŋk | ha:riŋ
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dutch-based s
</span>pelling:<br></span></font><div><font size="2">keunienk | keunieng<br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2">rienk | rieng<br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2">poddienk | poddieng<br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2">wietienk | wietieng<br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2">hoarienk | hoarieng<br>
</font></div>
<font size="2"><br></font></div><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" face="Arial" size="2">Toetnoasteki!<br><br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br></font><font size="2"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></font>