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<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 31 August 2007 - Volume 03</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span>
<span id="_user_ezinsser@icon.co.za" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Elsie Zinsser</span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="lg"> <<a href="mailto:ezinsser@icon.co.za">
ezinsser@icon.co.za</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Language varieties" 2007.09.08 (01) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span><font color="black" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Hi all,</span></font></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span><font color="black" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Ron, I have not yet
seen reference to Chamorro, only that officials were forbidden to speak Creole-Portuguese
to slaves after 1675. <span> </span></span></font></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span><font color="black" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">According to Raidt,
very little information is available about slaves before 1700. Van Riebeeck
tried to import 174 slaves in 1657 from Angola of which most died or escaped. After
1675 most slaves were imported from the 'East' and by 1685 mixed marriages between
slaves and Free Burghers were forbidden unless the slave women were offspring of
Dutch fathers, could speak Dutch and accepted the Christian faith. By 1791, there
were 17,396 slaves and most were born at the Cape. </span></font></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span><font color="black" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">That might partly answer your question, Paul,
about the speed in linguistic change: 1) Remove one's mother tongue and 2) lingua
franca, plus 3) couple the usage of a preferred language to economical and
social advantage, and anything is possible. <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></font></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span><font color="black" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Incidentally, Van Riebeeck was not sent to the
Cape to settle a colony but to provide provisions for ships going to the East.
That in itself changes the dynamics. The main focus was on productivity and
economy, not on social advantage and development. We see that still today where
people enter a new linguistic milieu that forces them to speak a certain
tongue. They mix and match and drop superfluous rules and forms. New forms might
be reminiscent of mother tongue forms and are reinforced and become embedded. Is
that not how creoles develop?</span></font></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span><font color="black" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Regards,<br>Elsie Zinsser</span></font></span></p>
<font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" color="black" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">>That seems amazingly early! less
than 60 years after Jan van Riebeeck's first colony, and it raises a couple of >questions:
Does this show just how fast linguistic change can occur, or is it
evidence of Dutch or other >Lowlands presence in southern Africa before
the "official" date?<br><br>----------<br><br>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Language varieties<br><br>Thanks a lot, Elsie! I find all this fascinating, not surprisingly, considering that language contacts and the creation of new languages from such contacts are my particular thing.
<br><br>I find it interesting that Guam got involved, because it was a Spanish colony, not a Dutch one. As such, there were close ties with Legazpi and other parts of what are now the Philippines. By the way, Chamorro (Chamoru) and the native languages of the Philippines, the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula all are Malayo-Polynesian, thus Austronesian. Modern Chamorro is strongly Spanish-influenced, lately also English-influenced.
<br><br>Of course, just because slaves came from a certain place doesn't necessarily mean that's where they originated. Slaves tended to be traded and thus shipped about. For instance, there are two small but relevant minorities in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The Burghers (now less than 1% of the population) began as children of
</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" color="black" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Portuguese </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" color="black" face="Verdana" size="2">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">and </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" color="black" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Dutch </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" color="black" face="Verdana" size="2">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">fathers and Sinhalese mothers, and British and African admixtures came to be added later. Their original language was Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese Creole which is still used by many so-called "Portuguese Burghers," while others now have English as their first language. Interestingly, the second minority worth mentioning are the Sri Lankan Malays (now
0.3% of the population) many of whom still speak Sri Lankan Creole Malay which is influenced by Sinhalese and Tamil, apparently also by Dutch as well as Persian and Arabic. I don't know how the Malays got there, but I suspect that Dutch colonization had something to do with it, if not Portuguese colonization prior to that. This would make connection with South Africa more understandable, namely transport of Malays via Sri Lanka to the Cape.
<br><br>We should not forget that there were also Malagasy-speaking slaves from Madagascar in South Africa. Malagasy, too, is Malayo-Polynesian, thus Oceanic, the westernmost member of this large family (in pre-modern times the largest family spread across water).
<br><br>By the way, I hear that there is now a substantial Afrikaans-speaking community in Perth, Western Australia. There were few Afrikaans speakers there when I lived there, though many Anglo-South Africans.<br><br>Regards,
<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br></span></font>
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