<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 12 September 2007 - Volume 02</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span>
<span id="_user_mrdreyer@lantic.net" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Mark Dreyer <<a href="mailto:mrdreyer@lantic.net">mrdreyer@lantic.net</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Language varieties" 2007.09.07 (03) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<font size="2">Beste Luc:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Subject: LL-L "Language Varieties"</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Could you give me another reason why you think that the "makers"
of<br>Afrikaans were no native Dutch speakers?<br><br><font size="2">Well, Luc, the string is getting better & better. Right now I am
tempted to sit back & watch it grow, thanks to Your input, & Ron's,
& Paul's, & Elsie's. Just goes to show what a bit of spitting &
digging & manuring (with bull**** of course) around language roots can
do.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">The reason why I took so long to respond is that I
was off on the Old Man's farm this week-end, for his birthday. It was a poignant
occasion. Last year this time I was in intensive-care & all the guests had
their minds on me, not my father. Thanks to all your prayers I have had whatever
due to me postponed by a year. Casting no nastertians (or is it trapiolum?) I
personally feel most heartened by a certain warm Tone I never heard from a
bronze bell in a Shinto shrine by the hand of a really stubborn bloke...(darem
'n koppige kêrel).</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">& what do I find? I'm at the back of a looong
cue (heh heh).</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I hold with Paul about the analytic drift of
Afrikaans, & the other thing impressing me is the wealth of similes in
the Taal, clearly owing to many other tongues or dialects (not a patch on
English, of course). Reading Jan Alleman's diary it is obvious how dependant the
VOC was on non-Nederlands staff, so much so that a man who could serve as an
interpreter & guide to would-be employees found himself in the pound-seats.
Here is where I begin my own extrapolations. The point just raised made actual
fluency & literacy in AG Nederlands a seriously paying skill, & those
who had it got quick promotion to the plumb posts back home or in the Far East,
which De Kaap most certainly was not - only a refreshment station, after
all.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">The few fluent in the language that did make
it to the Cape had a very brief stay indeed, & I might add that everybody
hoped for the same, from the lowest to the highest, & that included van
Riebeek (didn't he make it to Mauritus?). Let me add, that to a South
African a Nederlands telephone directory makes entertaining reading. It's the
names... Granted the ossification & flim-flammery brought about by Code
Napoleon, so many native Dutch surnames are stranger to us almost than
Scots'.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I am afraid I disagree with you, Elsie, that
the Proto-Taal was any degree shaped by Koi-koi or Bushmen. However, if I
tried to support my thesis (it would be a bit of a dissertation) with
information actually at my disposal, the first challenge coulddd be that
the small Hottentot & less Bushman I know has the added difficulty
that they were not the tongues spoken by the aborigines that van Riebeek
& his crew met. Anyhow, here goes, & bear in mind my touchstone is
the English spoken today, on two fronts - The UK & in the Creole areas of
the Caribbean.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">As shown by English, peoples that blend their
languages do so in both directions, & there would be no substance to the
term 'substrate' if it were not so. Most language influences are a good deal
more manifest than that. Look at all the creoles. We can annotate the ME
borrowings from Old Norse, from Old English, from Old Norman-French, & from
Church-Latin. We can search until we're blue in the face for borrowings from the
Celtic tongues & come up with a few terms, 'trousers', 'galore' etc. That is
about all, even though there is no doubt that The Old English co-habited with,
traded with, & took slaves of Irish, Cornish, Welsh &
Scots. Whether it was used or not, a great deal or very little, by the
Native Briton, English was shaped by the English.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Equally you will search in vain for more than a few
pale references to Koikoi or Bushman tongues in Afrikaans, & they are mostly
technical language of veldkos or the hunt. Do we have klicks? Some of the Koisan
languages had six. All had at least four. Is Afrikaans tonal? Bushman is. Do we
find these features in the languages of other peoples that had contact with
the Koisan? (apologies for using that term). Yes we do, klicks in all the
Southern East-Coast Bantu Languages, none more so than the Bathembu, I am told..
A leaning towards tonalities in the South-Central Bantu, as for example
Sepedi.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">One might object as I myself have, that
some languages are so remote that there is simply no possibility of blending,
but ask yourself if the Bantu languages are any nearer to Bushman than the
Indo-European? Not by my experience, even with clicks & tonalities. I have
not even touched on grammar & syntax. Anyhow, there are Dutch
creoles, I have been reading of some on record in the area of Old Nuwe
Amsterdam, that clearly show their origins in the mix-& match of
terminologies & constructions from the native tongues - as does Afrikaans
also, of course. </font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">As for Malay, I have only recently started reading
up on that, & justabout anything I could offer would with justice be shot
down in flames by Our Ron. I will dare one thing. The supurb capacity that Malay
has for ablative language doesn't show in Afrikaans, even though the Taal
seems to be made for it.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">No; Malay contributions to Cape Culture are
formidable, so much so that without it we would find our volkseie
signally different, & notably poorer. This is so on every front but the
linguistic, in my opinion. 'Gou-gou', Ron? Ja, wel, maar wys my die Slamaierse
gedeelte wat uit die woordeboek uitgeskeer kan word. 'n Stapel tegniese woorde
en dis omtrent al. Mynsinsiens 'n jammerte.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I appeal Occam's razor, with no more than a minimum
of streeetching, not to unnecessarily multiply causes. I hear what you say, Ron,
about Zeeland not providing the foundation of the Afrikaner people, but it
fits in well with my perception that these seafarers, the lower-decks backbone
of the VOC, were also too useful to be planting vegetables & tending
cattle at the Cape. They set the parameters of the communication medium to which
the rest, in the interests of communication, conformed, & were promoted out
of the Cape Station soon. The representative majority of Afrikaners
were also not Zeelanders.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </div>
<font style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;" face="Arial" size="2">I aver that every significant development of
Afrikaans can be traced back to features already present in 17th Century
Nederlands & related dialects, without moving any significant distance from
the same.
</font><div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Paul's input: That
(those significant features of Afrikaans as the double-negative, simplified
suffixes, nul grammatical gender etc.) seems amazingly early! less than 60 years
after Jan van Riebeeck's first colony, and it raises a couple of
questions: Does this show just how fast linguistic change can occur,
or is it evidence of Dutch or other Lowlands presence in southern Africa
before the "official" date?</font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><font size="2">I
wouldn't say a presence in the Cape as such, Paul, but rather in the ship-board,
sea-faring population that settled the Cape, & not merely two generations,
but several more. Even so, linguistic change can occur very rapidly indeed, as
fast as it takes to 'learn' a language.</font></font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><font size="2">To Elie
& Ron, I see two forms of language development, resting largely on how
closely or distantly the languages involved are related. When they are closely
related, the effect is ablative, in which the later features of both, therefore
peculiar & isolated to the one tonge, fall away & the more archaic,
those common to both, are preserved. In the case where there is practically no
relation between the one & the other, agglommerative blending occurs, where
terminology of the economically dominant, for example, is plastered over the
bare bones of the other. English takes the one direction in respect of Old-Norse
& Old-English, the latter course in the case of these & Old
Norman-French. Fanagolo seems to me to be ablative in an Southern East-Coastal
Bantu environment, & Kiswahili, aglommerative with the same over a
Semetic grammatical foundation.</font></font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><font size="2">Afrikaans in this scheme of things is manifestly ablative in a Lowlands
Language environment. Yes, there are many borrowings out of the context of these
tongues, but not enough, I say, to rate as a creole, or agglomorative
contribution.</font></font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><font size="2">Having
fired my volley, I make for the bottom of the trench & wait for the
barrage......</font></font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"> </font></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><font size="2">Yrs,
Mark<br><br>----------<br><br>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Language varieties<br><br>Hi, Mark, and thanks for sharing your take on the matter.<br><br>I have never assumed that Afrikaans is a creole, and I'm skeptical with regard to the term "semi-creole" bandied around at one time (whatever that's supposed to mean).
<br><br>Personally, I feel that Afrikaans was originally based on a fairly large collection of dialects of "Dutch" (in the widest sense), and that -- here I agree with Elsie <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.
</span> -- its further, Africa-specific development was in large part influenced by its use by speakers of other languages, European, Asian and African. <br><br>I still believe that among these influences there are not only lexical importations but also, and foremost, morphological and syntactic simplifications and innovations, perhaps not all but certainly many. Lexical importation (in the process of geographical and cultural adaptation) aside, I have never heard of another case in which the blending of varieties of the same basic language led to such drastic grammatical simplification as we find it in Afrikaans. Drastic simplification of English from Old to Middle is supposedly due to influences of Scandinavian and Norman French speakers adopting the language.
</font></font><font size="2"><font size="2">Drastic simplification of Scandinavian varieties in their development from Old Norse varieties is supposedly due to enormous influences of Low Saxon in urban centers (including Scandinavianized Saxons), perhaps even earlier than that: to the absorption of Saame ("Lapp") people (whose homelands used to extend to Central and in part even Southern Scandinavia). Similarly, spoken Latin acquired drastic changes and great diversity by way of its adoption among the various indigenous populations. Foreign substrates may have played some role, even if not all changes may be due to them.
</font></font><br><font size="2"><font size="2"><br>I feel that particularly proposals of influences due to the use of "Dutch" by non-European, mostly Southeast Asian, childcare servants (i.e. slaves) on "Dutch" language acquisition and development among African-born children of European descent ought not be shrugged off too lightly. (A similar phenomenon can be observed in the English dialects of the United States' southern states where on plantations young children of European descent used to spend far more time with house slaves than with their parents and with other adults of European descent.) Similarly, adoption of "Dutch" among Khoi-San people and eventually among virtually all "mixed-race" people as well as people of Asian descent clearly left traces of various substrates. Formal schooling,
</font></font><font size="2"><font size="2">literature</font></font><font size="2"><font size="2"> and non-mundane activities later in life then exposed people to "good language," which was the Standard Dutch of the day. This assured continued Dutch influences. Most of this, however, remained within the "elevated" register reserved for formal situations, such as bureaucracy, recitation, speech-making, religious activities, and written styles. This went on at least until Afrikaans asserted itself fully. Even then ties with Standard Dutch weren't completely severed. Some archaic Neerlandisms, especially idiomatic expressions, are still preserved in today's Afrikaans.
<br><br>I have a feeling that the genesis and development of Afrikaans is even more complex than this. Just as the case of English, it may elude the type of categorization schemata we have at our disposal today, a type of categorization that is really rather crude, you no doubt agree.
<br><br>The genesis and development of new languages is a very fascinating subject area I feel, all the more so because I believe that <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span> languages emerged and evolved by way of contacts,
i.e. mixing. I doubt we will ever really understand all conditions and mechanisms of these processes. The early processes tend to take place below the radar, namely on the unwritten, informal level. We start paying attention to a new language only once it is quite pervasive and has reached the post-genesis stage and eventually the assertion stage. At those stages there are lots of unknowns and much room for speculation.
<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br></font></font></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">