<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 13 October 2007 - Volume 05</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: </span>
<span id="_user_didimasure@hotmail.com" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Diederik Masure</span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif;" class="lg"> <<a href="mailto:didimasure@hotmail.com">
didimasure@hotmail.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Language varieties" 2007.10.14 (01) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Hi Ben,<br><br>As Ron pointed out, Dutch /y/ vs. German /u/ are not in complementary distribution, the two languages only use the same grapheme for these different sounds. Dutch /y/ rather correspondends with words that in German have /ü/: rug, rück(e?) [Engl. back; my German is not so accurate]. Brug vs. brück(e? not sure about this -e either). The umlaut of old Germanic /u/ usually turns up as /y/ in both languages, written /u/ and /ü/. In (traditional) coastal Dutch dialects that later unrounded to /i/ or /e/. Cf. West Flemish pit (English pit, Dutch put), or traditional/old Southern Hollandic dialects "mitch" as I once heard a friend use, mosquito, English midge/Dutch mug.
<br>In most of the cases, Dutch /u/ (/y/) thus correspondends to German /ü/ (/y/).<br>Cfr. also <a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/weij005nede01/weij005nede01ill55.gif">http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/weij005nede01/weij005nede01ill55.gif
</a> for ü > i.<br><br>The old Germanic /u/ however, remained /u/ in many words in (Standard) High German, and is spelled /u/. In Standard Dutch, this sound generally became /o/ and is thus written /o/. German /hund/ is Dutch /hond/, etcetera.
<br>The dialectal situation in Dutch is however more complicated. In front of /p:/, /k:/, /f:/ /m:/ and /ng:/ it's usually preserved in the Antwerp dialect, and probably in a bigger area in (Belgian) Brabant as well, although I don't dare to draw any conclusions about other Brab. dialects. In more modern Antw. dialect (due to standard influence), only /ng/ and /m/ still preserve the /u/ instead of the /o/, apart from some frequent relictwords as oep (Engl. up, Dutch op) or stoeffen (actually <stoffen, but since the word doesnt exist in St. D. it didn't get replaced with an /o/)
<br>Traditional dialect has poep (puppet, Dutch pop), and boek (buck, Dutch bok); but these forms are now only seldomly used anymore.<br>The distribution of Old Norse /u/ > /o/, /u/ in standard spoken Norwegian is similar to that of Antwerpian (pp, kk, m, ng/nk, ff)
<br><br>About West-Flemish dialects I seem to remember that they preserve the /u/ as well in front of nC, hoent for hund/hond, here Antw. has /o/ as has Dutch.<br>To draw another parallel with Norwegian, most West-Norwegian dialects have /u/ in front of /nC/ as well, where Bokmâl has /ü/, cf. the word rundt (around) being written rondt in many dialect writings (/o/ is usually representing IPA /u/ in Norwegian tradition)
<br><br>To summarize, German /ü/ = Dutch /ü/, either /ü/ in dialects or /i/ in coastal dia. Standard D. has the grapheme /u/.<br>German /u/ = Dutch /o/, with many dialects still pronouncing it as /u/, certainly in nasal+C environments, with different and complicated distributional rules for each indipendent dialect(group), often interferred by standard language influence.
<br>Greetings, Diederik<br><br>PS if you can read Dutch and want more extensive information you could look here: <a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/weij005nede01/weij005nede01_0005.htm">http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/weij005nede01/weij005nede01_0005.htm
</a> and scroll down to the part "WestGermanic u"<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">From: </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">
"Ben J. Bloomgren" <<a href="mailto:ben.j.bloomgren@gmail.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">ben.j.bloomgren@gmail.com</a>></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q">Subject: [LLL] Dialectology</span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q">
<div dir="ltr">
<div><font size="2">Hello List,</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Since I've never been up to the original Lowlands,
I'm curious. If there even be such a border, where would the border be
between the two pronunciations of orthographic u? That is, in Dutch
they say /y/ for u whereas in German they say /u/ for u. I've heard
several of the wren presentations in the dialects in Germany, and I've
heard them say /u/. If you can make sense of this, what would be your
best guess?</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Ben</font></div></div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="2">---------</font><br></div></div>
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
sassisch@yahoo.com</a>> <span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></div></div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div>ubject: Language varieties</div></div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q">
</span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div>Hi, Ben!</div></div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr">
<div>Still having fun south of the border?</div></div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div>What
you are asking about is at least potentially a complex thing. In
general, /u/ and /y/ are not in complementary distribution. They tend
to depend on umlauting, which depended on the absence vs presence
(respectively) of /e/ or /i/ in the following syllable, which in many
cases later disappeared, in some language varieties earlier than in
others. </div></div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div>I'm sure others will have more specific responses for you.</div>
</div></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr"><div>Take care!</div></div></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);" class="q"><div dir="ltr">
<div>Reinhard/Ron</div></div></span></div><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">