<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 14 October 2007 - Volume 07</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <
<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: Language politics</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Paul (Finlow-Bates) wrote:</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
I still maintain that language influence follows political or social influence. France was the most populous, powerful country in Western Europe; if Germany had unified politically at an earlier time, I believe a very different picture would have emerged. Arabic is spoken across a vast area because of Islamic expansion, not because it has any special merits as a communication medium. Any "dialect" or language in the Chinese group is presumably as good as any other, but
</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Putonghua </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">(Mandarin) has the political and historical muscle.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">I concur.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
1. Written Chinese is, at least initially, cumbersome to acquire, especially if it is not your native language or close to your native language. This makes it rather difficult for the many ethnic minorities that have other native languages (belonging to the families Altaic, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Indo-European and Tai-Kadai, as well as Sino-Tibetan languages other than Chinese ones).
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> 2. Much though most Han Chinese people love their written language and wish to retain it, it slows down learning to read and write.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> 3. While in the past Classical Chinese (文言文 </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Wényánwén </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">"Literary Writing") was the standard and was dialect-neutral, Modern Written Chinese (Mainland 普通话 </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Pǔtōnghuà </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">"Common Speech", Taiwan 國語 </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Guóyǔ </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
"National Language", Southeast Asia 華語/华语 </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Huáyǔ </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">"Chinese Language") is based on Mandarin of a specific area (in and around Beijing). (So, Paul, not to put too fine a point on it, I must add that "Pǔtōnghuà = Standard Mandarin" is more accurate, since there are numerous Mandarin dialects besides it, and I know from personal experience just how different those can be.) In other words, in the course of modernization, phasing out a centuries-old true written lingua franca and to replace it with one based on a specific dialect group has in fact largely destroyed what neutral written standard there used to be. While everyone used to pronounce Classical Chinese in their own dialect, Modern Written Chinese is best read in Mandarin, and thus Mandarin must be learned as a foreign language by speakers of other Chinese languages ("dialects"), which certainly everyone in Mainland China and Taiwan is now required to. Perhaps it's a bit like having to switch to a specific spoken language after using a sign language. Classical Chinese allowed the myth of "dialects" to continue for centuries and served as national glue, so to speak, but of course only among better educated people, a small minority then. The situation now is more like an international one elsewhere in the world, where the lingua franca is like a foreign language for a large portion of the population and this foreign language, having to be acquired by everyone, now influences other languages and is thus "Mandarinizing" other languages.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">And, talking about power languages as international linguae francae, we should not forget to mention Russian with its fairly "complex" grammatical structure and Eastern-Slavonic-specific phonology. It is definitely not an easy language to acquire for anyone without Slavonic language background, and it has been quite a burden on many in Russia, throughout the area of the old Soviet Union as well in the Warsaw Pact countries in which it used to be a mandatory school subject. I hardly think that English, despite its archaic spelling, is more difficult to learn and use, or, for that matter, Dutch.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">While all of this is geographically fairly far away from the Lowlands, I believe it is not irrelevant.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">For instance, one of the arguments against English spelling reform has been that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to come up with a new system that is as close to dialect-neutral as is the current "system" (lifelong learning though it involves). Compared with the above-mentioned cases, then, English as an international lingua franca is not too bad a choice if viewed outside the context of political fears and misgivings. What you have here is a set of internationalized (though not really neutralized) language varieties that are based on a set of dialects of a natural language (rather than a constructed one).
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">