<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 21 October 2007 - Volume 05</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Song Contest: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/contest/">lowlands-l.net/contest/</a> (- 31 Dec. 2007)</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <
<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Subject: Phonology<br><br>Sandy, I meant to ask you about something you said under "Etymology" ...<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 102); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
This, and various other incursions, is said to explain the presence of<br>
Norse words in Saxon dialects of the west of England. For example, as<br>someone pointed out on the list recently, the pronunciation of
<br>"house/hause" is fairly consistent across dialects from German to<br>
English, but in Scots it's "hoose" /hus/ because of Norse influence. In<br>Somerset dialects, this is "huish" (such as "Huish Epsicopi" (Bishop's
<br>House), near Yeovil, and "Huish Park" (the Yeovil football ground).<br></div>
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">How do you know it's a case of Norse influence and not simply conservative phonology, i.e. non-participitation in diphthongization that occurred in English?
<br><br>It's similar in Low Saxon and West Flemish versus German and Dutch:</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Scots <span style="font-weight: bold;">(</span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">uu</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
): </span><i style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">hús</i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
hoose</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
t</span></span><i style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ún > </i><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
</span>toon, </span><i style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">út > oot</i><br style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Saxon <span style="font-weight: bold;">(</span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">uu</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
)</span>: </span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">hûs</i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Huus</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">t</span></span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ûn > </i><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>Tuun</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span>
<i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ût > uut</i><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">W. Flemish <span style="font-weight: bold;">
(</span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">uu > üü</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">
)</span></span>: </span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">h</span>ûs</i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
uus, <span style="font-style: italic;">t</span></span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ûn > </i><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
</span>tuun, <span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ût > </i><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
</span>uut</span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">English (</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
uu > au</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">): </span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">hús</i><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
> </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">house</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-style: italic;">t</span></span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ún > </i><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
</span>town, </span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">út > out</i><br style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">German (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">uu > au
</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">): </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">h</span>ûs</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Haus</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">z</span></span></span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ûn > </i><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span>Zaun, </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ûz > aus
</i><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Dutch (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">uu > üü > üi > œü</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">): </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">
h</span>ûs</i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">huus </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
huis</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">t</span></span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ûn > tuun </i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">></span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> </i><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>
tuin</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ût > uut </i><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">></span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</i><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>uit</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Or are you saying that Scots resisted this particular diphthongization because of Norse influence? (</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">The Nordic languages just never underwent any of those changes.)</span>
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Interestingly, while Saxon and West Flemish resisted all diphthongization, Scots did participate in the the diphthongization of /ii/ (the non-rounded counterpart of /uu/), at least to about the stage English was at in Early Modern (Elizabethan) English: /ii/ > [əı];
e.g.</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Saxon (ii): </span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
tîd > Tied, b</i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">î > bie, m</i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">în > mien</i><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, <span style="font-weight: bold;">
l</span></i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">îna > Lien</i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></i><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">W. Flemish (ii): </span><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">tîd > tied, b</i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
î > bie, </i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">m</i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">în > mien<span style="font-weight: bold;">, </span></i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
lîne > lien</i><i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></i><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Scots <span style="font-weight: bold;">(</span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ii > əı</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">): </span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">tíd</i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">tide</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, <span style="font-style: italic;">
b</span></span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">í</i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
by</span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">,<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"> </span></i><i style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
líne > line</i><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
English (</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ii > <span style="font-style: italic;">*</span>əı > aı</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
): </span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">tíd</i><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> > </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
tide</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, <span style="font-style: italic;">b</span></span><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
í > by</i><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">,<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"> </span></i><i style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
líne > line</i><i style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></i><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
German (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ii > </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">*</span>
əı > aı</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
): z</span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ît > Zeit, b</i><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">î > bei, </i><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">lîna > Leine</i><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
Dutch (</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ii > əı ~> aı</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
: </span><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">tîd > tijd, b</i><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">î > bij, </i><i style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">lîne > lijn</i><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Incidentally, what is interesting is that (broad) Australian (and New Zealand) English is now beginning to undergo another round of this. What in other English dialects are [u
</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ː</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">] (t</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">oo</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
, s</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">oo</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">n, b</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">oo</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
t) and [i</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ː</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">] (t</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ea</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
, </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ee</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">l, d</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ee</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
p) have developed into "slight" diphthongs, something like [ʊʉː] ~ [ɤʉː] (t</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">oo</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, s</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
oo</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">n, b</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">oo</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">t) and [</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ıi</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ː] ~ [</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">əi</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ː] (t</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ea</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ee</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">l, d</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ee</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">p) respectively, probably something very similar to the diphthongs English had in words like "house" and "tide" in late Middle English, just prior to the Early Middle English stage.
<br><br>I believe that this is the reason why what in other English dialects is [</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">aı</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">] (m<span style="font-weight: bold;">igh</span>t, b<span style="font-weight: bold;">i</span>te, p
<span style="font-weight: bold;">ie</span>) Downunder had to shift to an open [ɑ</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ı] (that to many uninitiated people sounds like "oy") because /ɛ
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ı</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">/ (m<span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span>te, b<span style="font-weight: bold;">ai</span>t, </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">p
<span style="font-weight: bold;">ay</span>) became [a</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ı]</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> in order to distance itself from
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> /ii/</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> (-> </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> [</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
ıi</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ː] ~ [</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">əi</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ː], m<span style="font-weight: bold;">
ea</span>t, b<span style="font-weight: bold;">ee</span>t, p<span style="font-weight: bold;">ea</span>)</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> for distinction purposes. At the same time, /au/ (l
<span style="font-weight: bold;">ou</span>se, cr<span style="font-weight: bold;">ow</span>n, f<span style="font-weight: bold;">ou</span>l) shifted to [ɜ</span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ʊ] to</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
distance itself from /uu/ (-> </span><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">[ʊʉː] ~ [ɤʉː], l<span style="font-weight: bold;">oo</span>se, cr<span style="font-weight: bold;">oo</span>n, f<span style="font-weight: bold;">
oo</span>l). This may have begun in Cockney and developed farther Downunder. <br><br>One sort of shift tends to cause other shifts to become necessary. The domino effect?</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,sans-serif;"></span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Regards,</span>
<br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">