<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 08 January 2008 - Volume 02
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">
James Ward</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:jamesward@earthlink.net">jamesward@earthlink.net</a>></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Idiomatica"<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Hi Ron,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">You wrote:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> "What's up" and "Whazzup" as greetings are now commonly heard in</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> casual broadcasting, though rarely coming from the hosts or</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
> moderators, more from "cool" guest, typically younger males, thus</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> "cool dudes." You'll hear it more the more "cool"-male-oriented a
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> program is, typically in contexts of sports and the like. It's a show</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> of "cool" masculinity. "What's up, man," "Whazzup, dude," etc. are</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
> becoming very common place in casual contexts. Men don't address women</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> that way, of course, but they will use "What's up" and "Whazzup" then,
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> which simply means anything like "Hi!", "Hello!", "How do you do?",</span>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> "Nice to meet you," etc. You'll hear "What's going on(, dude)?" also.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> Mind you: none of these are questions to be answered. And mind you</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
> also: these are displays of masculinity and "cooldudeness" (or is it</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> "coolduditude"?), would sound strange coming from females and mostly
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> also coming from older, more "distinguished" males.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">For what it's worth, I would distinguish between "what's up" and</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"whazzup" (and also " 't'sup"). I say "what's up" sometimes as a</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">greeting to intimates and closer colleagues, but never "whazzup", which</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
might imply that I allow myself to be influenced by beer advertisements</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(at least I think it was beer...) I would not think twice about a
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">friendly "what's up" from a female, but if she were to say "whazzup" I</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">would probably start trying to figure out the nature of the current</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
reality. Most likely she would be younger than me (that is, less than</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">40), and I would be favorably impressed by her willingness to engage
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">socially in a gregarious way.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(Of course "what's up" can also be used as a genuine question by</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
someone desiring to know the nature of a particular situation or what</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">another person is thinking.)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> I do occasionally say "Whazzup" to guys that talk that way and</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> perceive it as friendly, as opposed to "How are you?" or "How're</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
> things?" which sound distant. I don't use "dude," rarely "man."</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Amazingly enough, I do say "dude" sometimes, usually in the context of</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">amazement or consternation. I probably picked this up from being in
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">the company of younger males who used this term a very great deal.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In my circles I would say the use of "chick" for a female is still very</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">low, except in set phrases like "chick flick" (a film which will</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
presumably only really appeal to females) or "biker chick" (a female</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">motorcycle aficionado) -- the latter itself being a conversational
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">topic of rather low frequency! To refer to one or more females</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">generically in the third person as "a girl" or "girls" is still</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
conversationally acceptable, I think, but second person use is</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">basically limited to females, and then primarily for emphasis in the
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">discussion of an unusual situation.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">This leads naturally to the use of the term "guys". Perhaps for us</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
middle-aged folk this term still has residual gender-specificity. I</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">addressed my parents recently as "you guys" and reflexively examined my
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">use of it in the middle of the utterance or immediately afterward. It</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">was sufficiently appropriate, but still did not feel entirely adequate.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
At other times when applied to mixed company I'm sure it has felt more</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">comfortable, yet without losing at least a faint aura of "searching for
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">a better expression". And yet, if someone were to enter a room full of</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">people and greet them with a "hey you guys!", I think it would be</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
completely fine and acceptable -- I'm sure no one would give it a</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">second thought.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"You all" is sometimes better, as in "what do you all want to do?"...</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">("Y'all" has not been generalized throughout United States society).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">During my three years in Pennsylvania from age 7 to 9 (1974-1977) I</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
heard an alternate plural pronounced "jənz", which I suppose must be a</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">shortened form of "you 'uns" (but it seems doubtful if this could ever
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">have been pronounced in a fuller "you ones" form!). This seems to have</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">been quite adequate, at least among young people, but as I have never</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
heard it in any other part of the country, I think it must be very</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">localized, assuming it is still said.</span>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In some ways this issue is reminiscent of the desire to find a
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">gender-neutral term to replace the constant repetition of "his or her",</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">often using "their" in a singular context that is still frowned upon by</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
purists. They are interesting areas in which people are trying to</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">address emerging language needs.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888"><br>James Ward<br>Santa Ana, California<br></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Idiomatica<br><br>Thanks a lot, James (or do you go by "Jim"?), for filling in the many blanks and for doing some tweaking.<br><br>You wrote:<br><br>
</span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">They are interesting areas in which people are trying to</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
address emerging language needs.</span><br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Very well put! It may be true that such needs were absent or weak in the past, but for some reason it seems to be here now, probably has been here for quite some time but only made it into non-standard varieties until recently. It looks as though we are currently witnessing its entry into Standard American English.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">What brings about such needs is of course an interesting and huge question.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">For instance, did immigrants' languages that do have second person singular and plural distinction have anything to do with the need for creating "you all," "you guys," etc.? If so, why did this not assert itself earlier? Could it be that it did but that it has been only recently that the boundaries of American English have grown more amorphous, making more acceptable what used to be excluded as "slang"?
<br><br>I am fascinated by the transition of "guys" to the status of pronominal enclitic (and perhaps eventually suffix) and its loss of gender in the process. <br> <br>What is
also very interesting is that when it comes to grammaticalization, as
in the case of enclitic "guys," we don't seem to be able to get away
from using masculine forms as gender-neutral collectives, just as it is
in pretty much all other Indo-European and also in all Semitic
languages, to name but a few. Does anyone know any language in which originally feminine
forms serve as collectives? <br><br>This stands in contrast with
languages that don't have any grammatical gender, apparently never had it,
as for instance the Uralic and Altaic languages.<br><br>Changing gears ...</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Why a word like "guy" for "man"? It's not as though "man" has fallen by the wayside. It coexists with gender-specific "guy" but in most sociolects the two are different lexemes and are also assigned to different registers. In my usage and in the usage of most people around me, "man" is more "serious," "guy" more casual, and using them in the wrong contexts could be jarring to the listener.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Girl" (and "gal") for "woman" is another story, and there seems to be much more sociolectical and dialectical variety. As far as I am concerned, it's on its way out, though even many women still use it, especially older ones, younger one often using "us girls" as the female equivalent of "us guys" when referring to their in-groups. I would recommend that early-stage learners of American English avoid the word "girl" in such contexts because it's too tricky to use. I certainly only use "girl" when referring to prepubescent females. Being influenced by their own languages, many Europeans refer to unmarried young women as "girls," which doesn't go down well with most Americans these days. There has been a tendency toward referring to all adult females as "women" and to think of marital status as irrelevant. (It has become socially inappropriate in most contexts to ask someone if they are married, this in the wake of banning discrimination on the basis of marital status and sexual preference.) Distinguishing between "Miss" ([mIs]) and "Mrs." (['mIsIz]) is pretty much out of the window, "Ms." ([mIz]) having replaced them. Thus, when addressing an adult female, using the equivalent of
<i>Fräulein</i>, <i>mademoiselle</i>, <i>señorita</i>, <i>juffrouw</i>, etc. is inappropriate, certainly for flattery purposes, for age and marital status are no longer indications of each other in today's Western society.
<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br> </span>