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A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian B=Brabantish D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian
L=Limburgish LS=Lowlands Saxon (Low German) N=Northumbrian
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 15 January 2008 - Volume 01
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">
Mark Dreyer</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:mrdreyer@lantic.net">mrdreyer@lantic.net</a>></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Language varieties" 2008.01.14 (03) [E]<br><br></span><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Thanks, Ron:</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: L-Lowlands "Language varieties"</div><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Ih2E3d">
<div> </div>
<div>As far as I am concerned, geography may play an historical
role, and that can be pretty interesting. But I feel that there are other
levels, dimensions or contexts where geography isn't really important.
<br><br>At least this is my take on it.</div>
<div> </div></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I couldn't have put it better myself - hem.</div>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Deep Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Mark</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">
Maria Elsie Zinsser</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:ezinsser@icon.co.za">ezinsser@icon.co.za</a>></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Language varieties" 2008.01.14 (03) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hi all, </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks Ron, for the insights.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
I
think the difference of 'indigenousness' between American English and
Afrikaans, for instance, is that English has been carried, as is, to
the US. Its linguistic structures have not been influenced by any first
nation or any other language, for that matter. The same is not true of
Afrikaans. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">One could pose the question whether English
in the UK is an indigenous language which developed from Anglo
and Saxon and Normandy French or just merely an altered version
of Saxon. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Elsie Zinsser </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><p style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">
sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">> </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Subject: Language varieties</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Hmm ... Let me interject something basic and seemingly naive here, folks.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
Is it </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">really</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
necessary to label whole languages by geographical considerations in
this day and age? Yes, there is definite merit to classifying dialects
of a language geographically, even if populations have shifted around.
The alternative would be ... what? Given dialects arbitrary names?
Well, that's possible, such as using older ethnic names.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Language
names are rarely geographical by origin. They tend to be ethnically
based. There are some exceptions, and Afrikaans is one of them. It
simply means "African," and I assume it originally referred to
something like "African speech that is understandable to Dutch
speakers." So this is why names like "Cape Dutch" used to fly around in
the past.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Clearly, the Afrikaans movement and probably the majority of Afrikaans speakers </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
want</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
Afrikaans to be an African language. I believe that this developed as
part and parcel of the early linguistic and ethnic assertion movement
and may have been in part a reaction to the suppression and oppression
of "Afrikanerhood" under Dutch- and English-speaking rules that tried
to ram European standards and values down the people that had "gone
native."</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Undeniably, Afrikaans arose in large part from a mix of
language varieties we now call "Dutch," and numerous other languages
influenced its development, among them African and Asian languages, the
African languages including those of what to all intents and purposes
are South Africa's aboriginal people (Khoi-San, etc.).</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">So it seems to me that Afrikaans </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
per se</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
is a locally grown language, was created on African soil and was very
much adapted to life in Southern Africa, though the preponderance of
its linguistic base is European. In other words, there was no Afrikaans
or Old Afrikaans before Europeans settled on the Cape. </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">On the
other hand, there was an English before European settlers arrived in
various overseas regions and there developed new varieties of English
in adaptation to places and cultures and adoption by people from all
over the world.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">If you really want to you could force it, claim
that this is just a name game and then extend the English situation
analogously to the Afrikaans situation. In that case you would indeed
have to start with the assumption that Afrikaans is a sort of Dutch,
just like for instance American English is a sort of English. </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Here
come the details to quibble about. Yes, you could perhaps argue that
Afrikaans is an "African Dutch" in that there is still a fairly high
degree of mutual intelligibility. However, against this you could argue
that a good part of the mutual intelligibility has to do with mutual
exposure, much as speakers of the closely related languages Danish,
Norwegian and Swedish understand each other because constant mutual
exposure teaches them about each other's peculiarities, and they pick
up "special" words and expressions from each other's lexicons. It is
also very similar to the case of high degrees of mutual intelligibility
between Dutch and Low Saxon.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Afrikaans is structurally rather
different from Dutch, much more different than any recognized variety
of English is from "original" English. You might even go as far as
saying that Afrikaans goes about halfway toward what various creole
derivatives are in relation to their respective "mother" languages. I
assume that this is the reason why people are now describing Afrikaans
as a "semi-creole." At any rate, I hardly think you can compare the
situation of American, Australian, South African, etc. Englishes in
relation to British Englishes with the case of Afrikaans in relation to
"Dutch" varieties.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">However, as I said in the beginning, I wonder
if geographically-based descriptions are really warranted these days.
Dutch is Dutch, and Afrikaans is Afrikaans. As most of you know by now,
I like to push the Eurasian envelop as opposed to clinging to the
essentially chauvinist notion of Europe as a continent. Notions of
continents depend on the eye and the slant of the beholder. For
example: North and South America are seen as two continents in North
America but are seen as one continent in Europe. Due to its Danish
colonial history, Greenland is seen as a European country in Europe
while more and more people elsewhere tend to see it as an American
country. While people quibble if Turkey even has the right to apply for
EU membership they are silently making the once excluded but partly
Christian Caucasus European territory, drawing a new dividing line
between Asia and Europe along Kazakhstan's western border. (I'm sure
people would love to exclude Azerbaijan while including predominantly
Christian Armenia and Georgia.) The European Song Contests includes
Israel but excludes other Asian countries. Hello! Do I need to go on
arguing that all this is a bunch of culturally and religiously biased
and bigoted hogwash?</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">So Afrikaans is in large part derived from
language varieties brought by immigrants from the European
subcontinent, but it developed today's characteristics under
non-European influences in a region we happen to call Southern Africa.
You could say it's both European and African ... or neither of them?
But what's the point? </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Similarly, Moroccan Arabic and, say,
Syrian Arabic are barely mutually comprehensible, perhaps essentially
not, at least not conveniently so. When their speakers resort to
Classical Arabic as a lingua franca it's hard enough to understand each
other because of the heavy "accents." Syrian Arabic is pretty strongly
influenced by Aramaic ("Assyrian"). Moroccan Arabic is very much
influenced by the various indigenous Berber languages (especially
Tarifit, Tachelhit, and Central Moroccan Tamazight). In fact, Moroccan
Arabic is not only influenced by these languages but it seems to have
rather sturdy Berber substrata. In this regard, then, you could argue
that it is a North African language, although the "mother" language (or
rather superstratum language) was imported from Asia. You could do this
if you insist on using such geographically based labels. New Arabic
varieties are now being developed in Europe. Will those be European
varieties? What's the point? Or will we say, "Arabic is an Asian
language, because Asia is where it's from originally"? Arabic is being
used all over the world. Where will it end? </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Besides, the case
of Arabic can hardly be compared with that of Dutch versus Afrikaans.
Arabic has Classical Written and Spoken Arabic (which hovers around
Qur'anic Arabic as its focus) to at least symbolically hold together as
one perceived language varieties that otherwise might well be seen as
separate languages. That's really all that is important to the average
Arabic speaker, and continents hardly enter the equation. Dutch has
Standard Dutch as its "glue." There is no such "glue" that formally
holds together Dutch and Afrikaans, and this besides or despite of a
certain degree of mutual intelligibility. While Afrikaans speakers
utilize this informal link, apparently the majority of them don't </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">want</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
their language to be perceived as a tendril of a Dutch vine, though its
earliest beginnings may have been such. Besides, it is not as though
they are all considered citizens of the Netherlands or are favored
candidates of such, whereas most Anglo-South Africans do have some sort
of legal right to live in the UK. Obviously, most Afrikaans speakers
cherish the regional rootedness of their language and culture, and they
feel "African." That's good enough for me. At the same time, that
doesn't exclude them from gatherings such as ours. As far as I am
concerned, geography may play an historical role, and that can be
pretty interesting. But I feel that there are other levels, dimensions
or contexts where geography isn't really important.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">At least this is my take on it.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Regards,</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Reinhard/Ron</span><br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
•
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