<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 22 January 2008 - Volume 08
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">
Marcus Buck</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:list@marcusbuck.org">list@marcusbuck.org</a>></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">History<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Dear Lowlanders,
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I recently read in a newspaper a report about foundings of birch bark
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">documents found in Nowgorod. From the 10th to 15th century they used</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">birch bark as a cheap replacement for paper to pen (mostly private</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
and/or less important) messages. The newspaper mentioned, that they</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">found Low Saxon texts too. I was curious about it and I wrote an e-mail
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">to the person named in the article. Well, I was a little bit</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">disappointed, when she answered me, cause actually it was just _one_</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
text they classified as being Low Saxon. Like two words. Not very much...</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
But still, it's interesting. She said the text was found in 1993 in a</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">stratum which comes from the mid 11th century, a period when Low Saxon
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">was not used in writing (Old Saxon literature ended in the 9th century</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">and Middle Saxon literature started basically with the Sassenspegel</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
around 1225 [at least, that's what I always read, if anybody knows other</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">texts from the period inbetween, please let me know]). The text is
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">undeciphered too. It's not even confirmed it's Low Saxon, but they</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">assume so.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Fortunately, pictures of all the found birch bark documents are online.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The Low Saxon one is Nr. 753:</span>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><</span><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="http://gramoty.ru/index.php?no=753&act=full&key=bb" target="_blank">
http://gramoty.ru/index.php?no=753&act=full&key=bb</a><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">>. Its a bit hard to</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
recognise, but Mrs Bobrik, to whom I wrote, provided me the transcription</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ílgefal</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">im<k>ie</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">from a book about the documents. The book further said (translated by me
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">from German, which was translated from Russian before):</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"document Nr. 753 has no thorough interpretation until now. One can read</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
the words GEFAL IM (imperative 2nd/3rd singular + personal pronoun 3rd</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">singular masc. dat.). The prefix GE- and the pronominal form IM point to
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">a German (no Scandinavian) origin of the text.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">One sign in front of the first row is vague. Maybe its initial P or T.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">But it's possible, this sign has no meaning at all.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
If interpreted as P, the word in the first row could be Old Saxon PÌL</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(arrow). If so, the sentence could be something like 'may the arrow hit
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">him' (incantation for bringing harm to an enemy?).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">But if the vague sign is a T, the word is TIL (aim, target).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
If its only IL, then its maybe the root ILL (bad, compare english</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">'ill'). connected with FALL: ILL-FELLI ' (Unglück, harm).
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The characters KIE at the end have no plausible interpretation at all.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Maybe the K even should be read as N.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
If KIE is right, it could be connected to Middle Low German KEIE (KEIGE)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(some kind of) 'spear'. The text then could be interpreted as: "May the
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">spear hit his target at 'em".</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
If its N, its the adverb NIE and the whole could be interpreted as</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">protecting phrase: "May never hit 'em an arrow.""
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Anybody any thought or ideas on it? Alternative interpretations?
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888"><br>Marcus Buck<br></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">
sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject:
History</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks a lot for sharing that, Marcus. It's fascinating stuff, isn't it?
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">It's really hard to read, even if you enlarge and enhance the image.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I wouldn't be be too surprised to find an 11th-century Saxon text in Novgorod. True, the Hanseatic League started in earnest in the 12th century, but I'm sure that trading contacts around the Baltic Sea, including Novgorod (both from the southern and northern shores), had been underway prior to it. The League started in large part to secure existing trade routes, primarily to protect ships from piracy. It's not as though they said, "All right, let's set up a guild and then go and find places for trading posts out there!" I'm pretty sure they knew most of those places already, and many of those trading posts existed before the beginning of the League. It's only once the League was up and running and it's record-keeping system got going that serious numbers of records started being kept. The Baltic Sea coast has been an important trade route for a long time, important enough for Arab travelers to visit and do anthropological research and large numbers of Arabic coins to be stored and later be unearthed (which may have reached the area from Byzantium).
<br><br>Yes, Novgorod -- a.k.a. Veliky Novgorod (Великий Новгород "Great Novgorod") -- officially became a Hanseatic <i>kontor</i> (office) in the 13th century, but this is not to say that Saxony just started contacts with it at that time. Novgorod had been known as a major station on the trade route from the Baltic Region to Byzantium at least since the 9th century. I bet our busy little Saxon forebears wanted a piece of
<i>that</i> action as soon as they could get their greedy little hand on it.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Furthermore, just because we don't seem to have in hand significant numbers of extant texts doesn't need to mean that there was no Saxon writing in the apparent gap between Old Saxon and Middle Saxon literature. Surely some people wrote, even if it was in the form of cursory notes or, as may be the case here, in the form of blessings or charms, or, possibly also, in the form of instructions or record keeping.
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I pretty much go along with your basic hunches, Marcus:
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>Old Saxon <i>gifallan</i> means 'to fall'; imperative <i>gifal -- </i>I wonder if <i>gefal-</i> ~
<i>geval-</i> had already made the transition to meaning 'to please' in the 11th century. (I believe I've come across <i>gevallen</i> 'to please' in Middle Saxon, and it does go with dative <i>im</i>, thus *
<i>gefal im</i> '(may it) please him!')<br></li><li>Old Saxon <i>imu ~ imo</i> > Middle Saxon <i>im</i> 'him'</li><li>Middle Saxon <i>til</i> ~ <i>tel</i> 'aim', 'target'; Old Saxon <i>til
</i> 'suitable', 'convenient' (probably related to the former); <i>tilōn</i> 'to reach', 'to attain', 'to acquire' (Old Franconian <i>tilon</i>, Old German <i>z</i><i>ilōn</i> >
<i>zielen</i> 'to aim')</li><li>Instead of <i>il</i> or <i>til</i>, could it possibly be <i>wil</i> (<i>uuil</i>), either as in 'will' or as in 'well' or 'welcome' (e.g. Old Saxon <i>wilspel
</i> 'welcome news'), hence something like German <i>wohlgefallen</i> 'to well please'?<br></li><li>If it's <i>nie</i> it could be derived from Old Saxon <i>nigên</i> ~ <i>nigê</i> 'none', 'no' (German
<i>kein</i>), which occurs in Middle Saxon as <i>nien</i> also (perhaps even <i>nie</i>?), I believe. It could also come from Old Saxon <i>niuwi ~ nīgi</i> 'new'.<br></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
I furthermore wonder if, in case it's </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">til</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, *</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
tilgefallan</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">zufallen</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) 'to go (to)', 'to be due (to)', is a possibility. In that case we might have something like
</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">*tilgefal im nie</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'none is due him' or 'he is entitled to none'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I'm beginning to talk to myself now. So I'd better give it a rest and hit the hay.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">