<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 29 January 2008 - Volume 01</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: Ingmar Roerdinkholder <<a href="mailto:ingmar.roerdinkholder@WORLDONLINE.NL">ingmar.roerdinkholder@WORLDONLINE.NL</a>> </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Etymology" 2008.01.28 (07) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">And in Low Saxon of the Netherlands, "keerl" is more or less just an</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">equivalent of the word "man". In Dutch, there's "kerel" but its usage is</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">more specialised, but not necessarily in a negative sense. "Vent" is used</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">more or less in the same way in Dutch, but is slightly more negative, and</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">used more in the South, I think.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ingmar</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard schreef:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
"As for derogatory versus non-derogatory mentioned by Diederik just now,<br>there's what seems to be the male counterpart. In German, *Kerl* tends to<br>be<br>meant in a derogatory sense, unless it's in the clear context of "strong,"<br>
"strapping," etc., or in rare expressions like *netter Kerl* 'nice guy'.<br><br>In Low Saxon of Germany, *keyrl* (*Keerl ~ Kierl*) does not by default<br>sound negative but can be made to come across that way."<br>
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Etymology</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ingmar:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">And in Low Saxon of the Netherlands, "keerl" is more or less just an</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
equivalent of the word "man".</span><br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">This is how it is in many or most Low Saxon dialects on the German side as well.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">It's pretty much like "guy" in in many current English dialects, or "fella" in older ones.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Which (for some strange reason) reminds me of Scots <i>gadgie</i> (['gadʒi], ['gadZi]), one of several words for "man" or "guy." It's derived from Romani (Romany, probably <i>Romnichal jip</i>) गाजो <i>gaje ~ gajo ~ gadjo</i> etc., feminine गाजी <i>gaji ~ gadji</i>, adjectival गाजिकाने <i>gajikane, gadjikane</i> etc., with reference to non-Roma (non-"Gypsy") people, in many Romani dialects also 'peasant'. Strictly speaking, it refers to a person without रोमानीपे <i>Romanipe</i> ("Roma/Gypsy" soul/spirit), which can include people of Roma descent that are regarded as having lost it, in other words, people deemed assimilated to the general population.<br>
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Maria Elsie Zinsser</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:ezinsser@icon.co.za">ezinsser@icon.co.za</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Etymology" 2008.01.28 (05) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hi all</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Gary, the Afrikaans form 'wyf' is now only used in a pejorative sense as in:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Die vrou skreeu soos 'n viswyf. (The woman yells like a fishwife.)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Wyfie
is occasionally used in the sense of 'little wife", which I find
patriarchal, although I hear it is inherently innocent. (Like 'chick' I
suppose). </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The female animal form is also called 'wyfie' in Afrikaans. (Die wyfie knopiespinnekop maak die mannetjie dood na paring). </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Elsie Zinsser</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><p style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
From: Gary Davenport <span><<a href="mailto:gldavenport@student.ysu.edu" target="_blank">gldavenport@student.ysu.edu</a>></span> <br>Subject: Etymology -- Wife<br>Dear Lowlanders: </p>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">I am interested in the use of cognates of the the English word <i>wife</i> in the Germanic languages, Lowlands here specifically. For instance, German retains <i>Weib, </i>while Dutch retains <i>**jf</i> (a pejorative if I understand correctly) and the OED2 lists cognates for O. Frisian and O. Saxon (<i>wif</i>). I haven't found any data on modern Frisian, Plattdeutsch, or other Lowlandic cognates or usage, however.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Whatare your
personal experiences with it? Do you use it in your languageeveryday?
Or only archaically or poetically? What connotation does itcarry?</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">With regards,</div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Gary</span><br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Henno Brandsma</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl">hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Etymology" 2008.01.28 (07) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><br>
</span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Goeie!,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Westerlauwer Frisian has "wiif", pl. "wiven". Most North Frisian</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">varieties have "wüf" (< wi:f as well, with typical shortening and very</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">common rounding in this word). The older (before WW2) usage was indeed</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"wife, spouse", and also in a negative sense (âld wiif).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Nowadays only the second meaning really persists. The diminuative</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"wyfke" is used for female animals and endearingly.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Nowadays people don't say "myn wiif" but "myn frou" (like Dutch "mijn</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">vrouw").</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I'm not sure about the usage in North Frisian and East Frisian</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(Saterlandic also has a cognate, either "Wieuw" or "Wief", I don't</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">recall).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888"><br>Henno<br><br></font>