<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 30 January 2008 - Volume 03</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: Luc Hellinckx <<a href="mailto:luc.hellinckx@gmail.com">luc.hellinckx@gmail.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Etymology" 2008.01.31 (05) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Beste Ingmar,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">You wrote:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> "Het mens" is one individual human being, both man</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> or woman, but it can also mean "woman" in a more negative or endearing</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> sense.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Is "het mens" nowadays still in use for one individual male human being in certain dialects?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Mens" can be viewed as a nominalization of the "man-s" adjective; would this explain the neuter gender? Maybe analogous to for example:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Het rebelse is ons niet vreemd"</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Het manse in een vrouw boven halen"</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I would tend to interpret "man-s" as "man-like", "appending to man"; as such it would be difficult to use for man proper. Maybe this reflects the biblical idea that woman was created from the rib of man? [Rest assured, this is not my personal belief, I'm just trying to reconstruct the original meaning of "mens".]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The evolution in English is interesting; first man/wer/wif for respectively mankind/man/woman. Then "wer" became obsolete and was replaced by "man". "Wif" became "wif-man" > "woman".</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Note the similarity with Dutch "vrouwmens" ("e vraamins", no pejorative meaning here).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Wer" (~ Latin vir), we can still find in "werewolf", a "man-wolf". Regarding the popularity of "wolf" in many Germanic names, I found <a href="http://www.etymonline.com/wolf.php">http://www.etymonline.com/wolf.php</a> to be a very interesting article.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">This reminds me of a Brabantish expression "zijne wolventand komt boven", which is said of older males becoming vicious and grumpy. It's not said of anybody younger than 40, so maybe traditionally women believed that a slumbering wolf was hiding in every male??? ;-)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Kind greetings,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Luc Hellinckx</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: <a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a> <<a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Etymology" 2008.01.31 (07) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ron/ Reinard wrote</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">A "swede" is a rutabaga in other English-speaking countries (Brassica napobrassica, or Brassica napus var. napobrassica).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Steckrübe</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, Dutch </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">koolraap</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Wruck</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ramanke, Rutabaga, Smultrööv'</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, etc.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">So what's the difference between a swede and a kohlrabi ( see Dutch word)?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">re recipes</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I am astonished so close to Burns night that no-one from north of the Border has rushed in to remind people of that essential food of 'mashed neeps' to accompany the haggis. ( at least I think that's what it is called)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">My favourite is mixed mash of potatoes and swede or carrots/swede/parsnip or carrots/parsnip ( essential in this household to eat with Christmas turkey)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">bw</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Heather</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: Theo Homan <<a href="mailto:theohoman@yahoo.com">theohoman@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Delectables" 2008.01.31 (08) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> Subject:Delectables</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">[...]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> German *Steckrübe*, Dutch *koolraap*, Low Saxon</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> *Wruck*, *Ramanke*, *</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> Rutabaga*, *Smultrööv'*, etc.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hallo Reinhard,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">De woorden *Wruck* en *Ramanke* trekken wel de</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">aandacht. Is over deze twee woorden iets meer te</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">zeggen?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> Rutabagas used to be served with practically every</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> main meal, pretty much</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> like potatoes. (I wonder if they preceded potatoes</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> as a staple before</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> potatoes were introduced from the Americas.)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Nee, dat waren de pastinaken.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://vr.gr">vr.gr</a>.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Theo Homan</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: <a href="mailto:JRodenburg@aol.com">JRodenburg@aol.com</a></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: LL-L "Delectables" 2008.01.31 (08) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In a message dated 1/31/2008 6:51:25 PM Central Standard Time, <a href="mailto:lowlands.list@GMAIL.COM">lowlands.list@GMAIL.COM</a> writes:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> Rutabagas used to be served </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thank you Ron for run down. I'd love to hear your take on potatoes. The introduction of potatoes into German lands is quite interesting. John</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Viele Grüße aus Illinois</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">John Rodenburg</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Rodenburg (Tarmstedt, Amt Rotenburg (Wümme), Hannover)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Brunkhorst (Stemmen, Amt Rotenburg (Wümme), Hannover)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Werner (Langen, Hesse-Darmstadt),</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Steinke (Kreis Schlochau, Pommern)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Krause (Kreis Schlochau, Pommern)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Schröder (Warsow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin),</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Meyer (Eitzendorf, Kreis Hoya, Hannover)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hinkeldey (Wechold, Kreis Hoya, Hannover)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Zum Mallen (Schierholz, Kreis Hoya, Hannover)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Röhrdanz (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Etymology</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">So now we've somehow crossed the "Delectables" and "Etymology" borderline. Ah, well ...</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Yeah, lets answer John's question about the introduction of potatoes under "Delectables."</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">John, according to Theo, it was parsnip (Dutch </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">pastinaak</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Pastinake</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) that used to be the staple before potatoes.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hmm ... in "parsnip" there's that "nip" again, related to Scots neep. It's from Latin nāpus 'turnip' which gave now obsolete English "nape" ~ "neep" ~ "nepe," via Old English </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">nǣp</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">. "Parsnip" is not directly derived from it but is influenced by it, apparently from </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">pastinaca </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(perhaps *</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">past-nape</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">And we have "turnip" (Dutch </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">knolraab </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(!), Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">royv'</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Rööv'), German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Rübe</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> or </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Speiserübe</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">), which is believed to contain "turn" because of the shape (like the creation of a turner).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I assume that Dutch </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">raap</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">royv'</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Rööv' < Röve</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) and German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Rübe</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> are related. Old German has </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rāba </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">and </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ruoba</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, and Old English has </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rōfe</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">. Hmm ... This is related to Latin </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rāpum</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> and English "rape</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">."</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> I wonder it those are related to Old Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rāƀa </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rāba ~ rāva</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) 'spoke (of a wheel)' in a reverse way. See? "turn," "turner"? Turners used to make spokes! Is this brilliant, or what? ;-) All right! Feel free to destroy my dream!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Heather, this may partly answer your question. Dutch </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">kool</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">kaal</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Kahl</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">), German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Kohl</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) is </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">brassica</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, the cabbage plants, cruciferous plants < Latin </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">caulis</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">. I assume </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">knol</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> is a lump, tuber or corm (cf. Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">knül</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Knüll</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">), German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Knolle</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Kohlrabi" (</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Brassica oleracea</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> L. convar. </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">acephala</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (DC.) Alef. var. </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">gongylodes</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> L., Modern German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Kohlrabi</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) apparently comes from dialectical German: from 16th century </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">koll(</i><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">e)</i><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">râwî</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> < Italian plural </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">cavoli</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (~ </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">cauli</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rape</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (singular </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">cavolo rapa</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">). In earlier German it was called </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Rübkohl</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> as well. Dutch has </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">koolrabi</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, as opposed to </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">koolraap</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> for 'swede', 'rutabaga'</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Apparently, American English got "rutabaga" from Swedish </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rotabagge</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (which contains the word for "root"). It used to be known as "Swedish turnip," hence non-American English "swede."</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Theo, if I didn't know that </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ramanke</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> is specific to Low Saxon of Osnabrück (Joachim's "Osna-Saxon"), I'd have sworn it was of Slavic origin. I really don't know where those Osna-Saxons got this. Could it have something to do with Rome and Roman (or <i>Waals</i>), with the </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">-ke</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> diminutive (as if Dutch *</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">romeinke </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">~ *</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">romeintje</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">)? (Brilliant or off the rocker again?)</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I have no real idea about Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Wruck</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> for "swede," Theo. There's the verb </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">wrucken</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'to struggle', 'to work hard' (apparently related to the group to which English "wreak" belongs), but I can't see any connection there.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron<br>
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">