<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 07 February 2008 - Volume 02<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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=========================================================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Roland Desnerck</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:desnerck.roland@skynet.be">desnerck.roland@skynet.be</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Orthography" 2008.02.05 (08) [E]<br><br></span><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font size="2">Beste Ron, Ingmar en alle andere
Lowlanders,</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">In de meeste West-Vlaamse dialecten klnikt de
"oe" als een diftong. Het zijn meestal stijgende diftongen, d.w.z. de klemtoon
ligt op de tweede klankgreep.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Zo klinkt:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">goed = goewd of gwoed (eigenlijk: hoewd of
hwoed)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">zoet = zoewte of zwoete</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">bloeden = blwoen</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">maar:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">boek = boek</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">zoeken = zoekn</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">koel = koele</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">In vele West-Vlaamse dialecten klinkt ook de "oo"
als een diftong. Zo in Ichtegem, Eernegem:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">rood = rwed tot rowed</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">hoog = hwegge tot howegge (eigenlijk: wehhe,
owehhe)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">De "ee" is in Geheel West-Vlaanderen een diftong
met uitzondering van Oostende waar die klinkt als de "ai" in het Franse "maître,
pair"</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Nederlands
West-Vlaams
Oostends</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">een
jin,
ijin
ain</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">twee
twji
twai</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">klein
kljinne klaine</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">heer jirre
aire</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">enz.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Toetnoasteki</font> </div><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888">
<div><font size="2">Roland Desnerck</font></div></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Phonology</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks for this interesting information, dear Roland.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">It looks to me as though we are dealing with "breaking" in the case of Western Flemish (and probably also in Zeelandic, </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Zeeuws</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Simply put, this "breaking" begins with a falling diphthong (which may have developed from a long monophthong, e.g., </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ee</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ea</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ii</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ie, uu > uo</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">). In some cases, the first component of the diphthong may be raised (e.g. </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ea</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ia</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">). The next step is development of the first component to a glide ("semi-vowel" or "semi-consonant," e.g. </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ie</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">je</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">uo</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">wo</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">). It can also begin with a non-high, usually mid-level vowel (e.g., </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ee</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ie</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">je</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">oo</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">uo</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> > </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">wo</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">). (This can be observed a lot in stressed syllables in numerous Russian varieties; e.g. </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">озеро о́зеро</i> ['ozʲerə] ~ ['ʊozʲerə] 'lake'.)<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The actual "breaking" part is the shift from vowel to glide; e.g., </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ua > wa, ie > je</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">maar:</font></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">boek = boek</font></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">zoeken = zoekn</font></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">koel = koele</font></div>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Are or were these vowels short perhaps?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Within the language group we are dealing with here, this sort of breaking, namely the sort you demonstrated in Western Flemish, is a well-known phenomenon in Frisian, specifically Westerlauwer (West) Frisian. I therefore wonder if it is in fact due to an old Frisian substratum, considering that Zeeland and the adjacent northwestern of Flanders was the southernmost extent of the Frisian language at its height.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Old Frisian W. Frisian W. Flemish</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ên ien jin, ijin</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">hêra hear jirre</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">As soon as you go farther south along the coast and arrive at Ostend you seem to leave that area. In addition, that is an area in which Saxons settled at one time, which probably influenced the local language varieties.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Nederlands
West-Vlaams
Oostends Northern Low Saxon<br></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">een
jin,
ijin
ain eyn (~ ayn)<br></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">twee
twji
twai twey (~ tway)<br></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">klein
kljinne klaine (kleyn (~ klayn))<br><br>In the case of Dutch <i>oe</i> [u(:)], Old Franconian has <i>uo</i> (and Old German has <i>uo</i> where Modern German has <i>u</i> </font><font size="2">[u(:)]). So perhaps what happened was that <i>uo</i> changed to <i>uu</i> (written <i>oe</i>) in the north, but in Western Flanders it broke from <i>uo</i> to <i>wo</i>.<br>
</font></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">