<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 29 February 2008 - Volume 05<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: <span style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Luc Hellinckx</span> <span><<a href="mailto:luc.hellinckx@gmail.com" target="_blank">luc.hellinckx@gmail.com</a>><br>
Subject: </span>LL-L "Language politics"<br><br>
Beste Denis,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Je schreef:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<blockquote style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" type="cite">
<div>Er is toch een
groot verschil. In de Rand is Nederlands de officiële en enige
landstaal.</div>
<div>In
Luxemburg is Letzeburgs overruled door het Frans.</div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Klopt, de lokale taal (het Letzeburgs) is door het Frans en het Duits
wat van haar prestige verloren, al heeft ze sinds 1984 ook officiële
status, en is ze de nationale taal. 61% van de bevolking geeft ze op
als moedertaal en minstens 80 % van de bevolking zou ze begrijpen.
Vergelijk hiermee de 10 % die Frans opgeeft als moedertaal. Weliswaar
wordt er vrij weinig gepubliceerd in het Letzeburgs.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
En tòch zal de meerderheid der Vlamingen die naar Luxemburg uitwijkt,
Frans, Duits of Engels spreken. Zonder twijfel uit
gemakkelijkheidsoverwegingen. OK, juridisch zal niemand hen een
strobreed in de weg leggen want Frans en Duits zijn ook officieel (al
is Engels dat niet), maar op puur menselijk vlak getuigt het van
precies even veel/weinig respect voor de lokale taal/cultuur als het
gedrag dat sommige Franstaligen ten toon spreiden ten noorden van de
Belgische taalgrens.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
De Luxemburgers zijn trouwens behoorlijk fier op hun dialect hoor. Al
weet ik niet of ze er zó trots op zijn als de Zwitsers die
Schwyzerdütsch spreken. Het spreken van Schwyzerdütsch in het openbaar
zou bijvoorbeeld (bijna) geen stigma met zich meebrengen. Schrijven
doet men wel meer in standaard Duits dan in Schwyzerdütsch (diglossie).</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Ik vraag me dan ook af of Franstalige Zwitsers die in het Duitstalig
gedeelte wonen, kunnen eisen dat hun communicatie met de overheid
volledig in het Frans zou gebeuren (en vice versa). </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
I wonder if French speaking Swiss, living in the German speaking part
of the country can legally ask their communication with the government
to be in French (and vice versa). Anybody know?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Met vriendelijke groeten,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Luc Hellinckx</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Language politics</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Folks,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Gael sent me a copy of an article from </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The Guardian</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> (February 28 2008):</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/28/mexico" target="_blank">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/28/mexico</a><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" size="4">City employees learn language of the Aztec</font><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Jo Tuckman in Mexico City The Guardian, Thursday February 28 2008 </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">"The smoking stars gather against it and the one who cares for flowers is about to be destroyed." This was the way one Aztec poem foretold the crushing of empire and culture that would come at the hands of the Spanish. Nearly 500 years later, Mexico City's leftwing mayor wants everyone to learn the language of the Aztecs.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Marcelo Ebrard has asked all city officials and employees to learn Nahautl in an effort to tackle discrimination against the indigenous minority and engender greater appreciation of past glories</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">"All of us public servants are going to have to start studying," said Ebrard. "A people that forgets its origins and throws out its traditions will be at the mercy of those who dominate global culture."</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">The introductory course for city employees will begin with the alphabet, but fluent speakers are already beginning to translate official documents; "This is not symbolism," the mayor insisted. "It is public policy."</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">There are about 1.4 million Nahautl speakers in Mexico today, a little more than 10% of the country's indigenous population. About 30,000 live in Mexico City, mostly in the poverty-stricken semi-rural outskirts, or working in wealthier areas as street vendors or servants. They tend to be treated as second class citizens by the mixed-race majority.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">The first course for city employees will be voluntary.</span><br><br></div><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Gael also mentioned that she wondered if this applied to Low Saxon <i>et al</i>. On this point I need to quickly clue her in, since she came on board just recently.<br>
<br>Yes, Gael. Much like Scots, Low Saxon was suppressed or at least not supported for centuries, being declared a group of Dutch dialects on the Netherlands side and as a group of German dialects on the German side. However, since the 1990s it has been officially recognized as a "regional" language in both countries (or in the provinces/states in which it is used) and thus by the European Union within the framework of the European Languages Charter.<br>
<br>This sounds fine and dandy, but so far the reality is that implementation of the required policies (such as the right to use the language in communication with public administration) is being sabotaged by many a government official or department that are clearly opposed to this "silly stuff." The usual excuse is that there are insufficient numbers of officials proficient in the language and insufficient funds to train them and conduct bilingual communication.<br>
<br>Other Lowlands languages that are now official are Frisian (in the Netherlands and Germany), Limburgish (in the Netherlands, not in Belgium) and Scots. Germany also recognized the two Sorbian languages, also the two languages of the Roma ("gypsies"): Romani and Sinti.<br>
<br>There's a big deal being made about "autochtonous" languages in the participating countries. In the case of Germany (and probably also in the case of the other countries) this is obviously with the aim of keeping "foreigners'" languages foreign, such as Turkish and Kurdish which are spoken in large numbers but most of whose speakers are what I call "permanent temporary residents" (<i>Gastarbeiter </i>'guest workers'), though many speakers are now German citizens and most of the young ones feel like foreigners when they visit their parents' or grandparents' home countries.<br>
<br>Sweden, however, has it's own twist, partly running against that current. It is one of only two countries that officially recognized Yiddish (the other country being Moldova). Yiddish hasn't been used in Sweden for a terribly long time and certainly not by many, currently only by ca. three thousand persons. Yet, "Great!" I say, also as far as official recognition of Finnish, Torne River Finnish, Romani and the Sami ("Lapp") languages is concerned. At the same time Sweden has been steadfastly refusing to officially recognize its "autochtonous" Scandinavian languages, maintaining that they are parts of Swedish. This applies to Scanian (which, if not separate, ought to be a part of Danish), Elfdalian, Dalecarlian, Gutnish, and Jamtlandish (which is of the West Scandinavian type, not East Scandinavian like Swedish, and ought to be considered a form of Norwegian if it is not separate).<br>
<br>As for the newspaper article, I say, "¡Bien hecho, excelentísimo señor alcalde! Pero ..." I have serious reservations.<br><br>Yes, Nahuatl (<i>nāhuatl</i>), which is really a group of languages, is still spoken fairly widely in some communities, and Mexico City (<i>Ciudad de México</i>, <i>Āltepētl Mēxihco</i>) is within the old heartland (<i>Mēxihcatl Huēyi Tlahtohcāyōtl</i> ~ <i>Mēxihcatlahtohcāyōtl</i>) of the Nahua people ("Aztecs"). Furthermore, there has been a movement toward appreciating native heritage in Mexico, and I say "Great!" to that. Also, I applaud Mexico, which has a gezillion languages, for not having an official language policy and thus no official language (like the USA). Even though this may never happen, it leaves open the possibility of another language taking over as the <i>de facto</i> power language (which is what some people in the USA fear and therefore want to make English for ever official, while the current two Democratic contenders are opposed to it). This works in the Americas because the situation is different from that in Europe where tribalism has been transferred to nationalism and protection of minorities is thus important.<br>
<br>The only gripe I have with the proposed policy in Mexico City is with the approach. I fear the mayor is going to shoot himself in the foot. Forcing people to learn and use another language rarely works. It would be much better to create incentives, such as a language bonus, perhaps a pay step up for knowing and using Nahuatl as a city worker. (There are similar things in the US, for instance in California, especially with regard to Spanish proficiency.) This ought to go hand in hand with tests so that people don't just <i>claim </i>they have the required proficiency. Furthermore, on the basis of the tests there ought to be proficiency ranking, where each step up comes with the incentive of a higher step on the salary scale. This is the only thing people tend to respond to. Just forcing them will generate nothing but resentment and cynicism. Furthermore, to set the tone, Nahuatl language and culture ought to be made a school subject, if not a mandatory one then an elective one that students find very attractive. <br>
<br>This is my take.<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br><br>
<br></span>