<div style="text-align: center;">=========================================================================<br></div><div style="text-align: center;">L O W L A N D S - L - 25 May 2008 - Volume 08<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">and switch your browser's character encoding to Unicode.</span><br>=========================================================================<br></div><br><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Sandy Fleming</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:sandy@scotstext.org">sandy@scotstext.org</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Phonology" 2008.05.25 (06) [E]<br><br></span><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Ih2E3d">
> From: <a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a> <<a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a>><br>
> Subject: LL-L "Phonology" 2008.05.25 (03) [E]<br>
><br>
><br>
> from Heather Rendall <a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a><br>
><br>
> Mike Morgan wrote: Second, the sorts of mutations you are seeing<br>
> synchoronically in that grammar (or in ANY grammar of ANY modern<br>
> Celtic language) are<br>
> 1) limited to the initial consonants, and<br>
> 2) conditioned synactically (the common explanation) or semantically<br>
> (the less common explanation, but the one I prefer ... having<br>
> presented a paper on the semantic motivations of initial consonants in<br>
> welsh as my very FIRST conference paper way back in 1982)."<br>
><br>
> Mike - I was taught (some) Welsh by a dear old vicar who explained<br>
> mutation as having arisen when Welsh contained more pitch than<br>
> nowadays - such as still heard strongly in S. wales and not so<br>
> obviously in North Wales. He said that the pitch of the final sound of<br>
> the previous word affected the following consonant. he likened it to<br>
> Werner's Law which I know depends on emphasis rather than pitch -<br>
> but I could see the connection.<br>
><br>
> Was this not true? Or is it just another speculation?<br>
<br>
</div><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Heather,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Mutation goes back such a long way and is also apparent in Irish as</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
aspiration, so I would hesitate to agree that this has been</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
demonstrated. Also, these mutations are firmly based on grammatical</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
features like gender, was there a system of pitch that was indicative of</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
grammatical features of the language? It's not impossible (or is it?),</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
but again, hard to see how it could be demonstrated.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Or is the modern pitch of south Wales a really old thing? Can it be</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
shown to relate to the mutations? All in all, I don't have a good</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
feeling about it!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Mike,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
My feeling about both languages is that the idea that mutations or</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
aspirations affect only the start of a word is an illusion. I suspect</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
that at some point in history these phonetic changes started to occur</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
throughout the consonants of words, both internally and initially, and</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
also terminally, but they became permanent internally and terminally</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
because they were influenced by what preceded them, which internally and</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
terminally would generally be constant.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Seems to me that Welsh mutations are both syntactically and semantically</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
motivated... "Yn dyn gyda i gi...", "'y nghar...". Not that I really</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
know or anything!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
OK, I tried to think how to get this on-topic, I tried...!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888"><br>
Sandy Fleming<br>
<a href="http://scotstext.org/" target="_blank">http://scotstext.org/</a><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">----------</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#000000">From: </font><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Roger Thijs, Euro-Support, Inc.</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:roger.thijs@euro-support.be">roger.thijs@euro-support.be</a>><br>
Subject: </span>LL-L "Phonology" 2008.05.25 (03) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" id="1ffz" class="ArwC7c ckChnd">
<div bgcolor="#ffffff">
<div><div class="Ih2E3d"><font size="2"><i>>
From: <span style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);">Mike Morgan</span> <span><<a href="mailto:mwmosaka@gmail.com" target="_blank">mwmosaka@gmail.com</a>></span><br>> Subject:
</i></font></div><font size="2"><i>LL-L "Resources" 2008.05.24 (05)
[E]<br>> Second,
the sorts of mutations you are seeing synchoronically in that grammar (or in ANY
grammar of ANY modern Celtic language) are <br><div class="Ih2E3d">> 1) limited to the initial
consonants, and <br>> 2) conditioned synactically
(the common explanation) or semantically (the less common explanation, but the
one I prefer ... having presented a paper on the semantic motivations of initial
consonants in welsh as my very FIRST conference paper way back in 1982).
<br>> NEITHER sounds very
Germanic to me. (THOUGH they are NOT unique in the world; the languages that
have them are far from both the Celtic and Germanic language s... geographically
AND genetically. Which is to say: coincidentally.)</div></i></font><br><font size="2">I was asking myself
whether old Celtic presence in Southern Germany could explain differences in
evolution of southern German v/ Low German.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">As to Breton, I scanned the initial chapter on
mutations:</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b0809.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b0809.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1011.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1011.jpg</a> </font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1213.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1213.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1415.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1415.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1617.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1617.jpg</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2">Gender clearly conditions.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">I also scanned the introduction to the lingala
dictionary:</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0001.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0001.jpg</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0203.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0203.jpg</a> </font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0405.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0405.jpg</a> </font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0607.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0607.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0809.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0809.jpg</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2">This is not a grammar.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Strange here is that nasalisation of voiceless consonants is
optional.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">I have been looking to vocabulary of Dutch origin. It is
difficult to find, </font></div>
<div><font size="2">maybe (random checks + check on milk & book as listed on
the wikipedia page):</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> crucifix: Kurúze (Dutch: kruis)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> lait: miliki, mabéle (Dutch: melk) [mabéle should
be written with epsilon in stead of e, 2 times)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> livre: Búku, mo(n)kandá (Dutch: boek)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> libraire: Motéki búku (the e in Motéki should be
epsilon)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> librairie: Magazini ma búku</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> juif: Moyúda (Dutch: jood)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Regards,</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Roger</font></div></div>
</div><br>----------<br><br><font color="#000000">From: </font><span class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Roger Thijs, Euro-Support, Inc.</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:roger.thijs@euro-support.be">roger.thijs@euro-support.be</a>><br>
Subject: </span></span><span class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Phonology" 2008.05.25 (03) [E]<br><br></span><div id="1frd" class="ArwC7c ckChnd">
<div bgcolor="#ffffff">
<div><div class="Ih2E3d"><font size="2"><i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">>
From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);">Mike Morgan</span> <span><<a href="mailto:mwmosaka@gmail.com" target="_blank">mwmosaka@gmail.com</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> Subject:
</span></i></font></div><font size="2"><i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">LL-L "Resources" 2008.05.24 (05)
[E]<br>> </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Second,
the sorts of mutations you are seeing synchoronically in that grammar (or in ANY
grammar of ANY modern Celtic language) are </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div class="Ih2E3d"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> 1) limited to the initial
consonants, and </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> 2) conditioned synactically
(the common explanation) or semantically (the less common explanation, but the
one I prefer ... having presented a paper on the semantic motivations of initial
consonants in welsh as my very FIRST conference paper way back in 1982).
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> NEITHER sounds very
Germanic to me. (THOUGH they are NOT unique in the world; the languages that
have them are far from both the Celtic and Germanic language s... geographically
AND genetically. Which is to say: coincidentally.</span></div></i></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I was asking myself
whether old Celtic presence in Southern Germany could explain differences in
evolution of southern German v/ Low German.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">As to Breton, I scanned the initial chapter on
mutations:</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b0809.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b0809.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1011.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1011.jpg</a> </font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1213.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1213.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1415.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1415.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1617.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/b1617.jpg</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2">Gender clearly conditions.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">I also scanned the introduction to the lingala
dictionary:</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0001.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0001.jpg</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0203.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0203.jpg</a> </font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0405.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0405.jpg</a> </font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0607.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0607.jpg</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0809.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/temp/l0809.jpg</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2">This is not a grammar.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Strange here is that nasalisation of voiceless consonants is
optional.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">I have been looking to vocabulary of Dutch origin. It is
difficult to find, </font></div>
<div><font size="2">maybe (random checks + check on milk & book as listed on
the wikipedia page):</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> crucifix: Kurúze (Dutch: kruis)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> lait: miliki, mabéle (Dutch: melk) [mabéle should
be written with epsilon in stead of e, 2 times)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> livre: Búku, mo(n)kandá (Dutch: boek)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> libraire: Motéki búku (the e in Motéki should be
epsilon)</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> librairie: Magazini ma búku</font></div>
<div><font size="2"> juif: Moyúda (Dutch: jood)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Regards,</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Roger<br><br>----------<br><br></font><font color="#000000">From: </font><span class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Daniel Prohaska</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:daniel@ryan-prohaska.com">daniel@ryan-prohaska.com</a>></span></span><span class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);"></span><span class="lDACoc"><br>
Subject: </span></span><span class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Phonology"</span><br><p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Heather,
</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">The
mutations in the Celtic languages are based in "regular" sound changes that
happened not just within a given wordm but across word boundaries. After
further change, the actually "trigger environment" of these sound changes was
no longer there and the sound changes were grammaticalised, they acquired
grammatical significance rather than just being conditioned by the sound
environment.</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"> Here's
an example. Between the 4<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> century the British
language was loosing it's grammatical endings, which, as in Latin, showed
number gender and case for nouns.</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">You
may be familiar with the rule in Welsh, Breton and Cornish that feminine singular
nouns undergo soft mutation after the definite article, and adjectives after
feminine singular nouns:</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">British
*merkâ *dagâ "a good daughter"</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Sound
changes:</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/k/ after /r/ > /x/</span></font></p><p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/d/ between vowels > /D/</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/g/ between vowels > /G/</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">So,
the regular sound developments here eventually give something like */merxaDaGa/.
</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">The
demonstrative adjective *sindos, -â became the definite article, so for "the
good girl", we get British *sindâ merkâ dagâ </span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Further
sound changes for this context:</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/m/ between vowels > /B_~/ (nasal bilabial
fricative)</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/s/ > /h/</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/nd/ > /n:/, when unstressed > /n/</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/i/ before /a/ in a following syllable > /e/</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">This
gives */hena'B_~erxa"DaGa/.</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Later
sound changes:</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">loss of endings</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">loss of initial /h/ in unstressed pro-clitics</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">loss of intervocalic /G/</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Eventually
the unstressed endings are lost and what remains is:</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"> */en'B_~erxDa/</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">This
is recognisably Neo-British and the respective developments in Welsh <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">y ferch dda</span></i></b>, Cornish <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">an vergh dha</span></i></b> and
Breton <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">an verc'h *za</span></i></b>
(Breton uses <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">mat</span></i></b>
for "good") are close. </span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Now
let's compare a masculine noun with the article and an adjective:</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">British
*sindos *tatos *dagos "the good father"</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Relevant
sound changes:</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"><span>-<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span>
</span></font></span></span></font><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">/t/ between vowels > /d/</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Since
neither initial /t/ in *tatos nor initial /d/ in *dagos occurs between vowels,
they weren't changed. </span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">*/hin:@h'tad@h"daG@h/</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">*/in'tad"da/,
cf. Welsh <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">y tad da</span></i></b>,
Cornish <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">an tas da</span></i></b>.
</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">The
masculine –o declention, like Latin, again, had a vocative in –e, which
survives in the Neo-British languages in a number of phrases such as Cornish <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">tas wyn</span></i></b> "grandfather"
(<b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">tas</span></i></b>
later replaced with <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">syra</span></i></b>).
Here the word <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">gwyn</span></i></b>
"white" is mutated to <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">wyn</span></i></b>,
although <b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">tas</span></i></b>
is a masculine singular. So this is from an earlier vocative "Oh, granddad!",
British *tate *uinde.</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">So,
in effect the grammatical information was transferred from the ending to the
phonological effect the ending had. When the ending was lost the changed
consonant was the only remaining information and was grammaticalised. </span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">I
hope I've made some sense in this techno-babble…</span></font></p>
<p><font color="navy" face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Dan</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB"><font color="navy"><span style="color: navy;">"</span></font>From: <span><font color="#00681c"><span style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);"><a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a></span></font></span><span> </span><span><<a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span>LL-L "Phonology" 2008.05.25 (03) [E]</span></span></font><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">from Heather Rendall <a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Mike Morgan wrote: Second, the sorts of mutations you are seeing
synchoronically in that grammar (or in ANY grammar of ANY modern Celtic
language) are <br>
1) limited to the initial consonants, and <br>
2) conditioned synactically (the common explanation) or semantically (the less
common explanation, but the one I prefer ... having presented a paper on the
semantic motivations of initial consonants in welsh as my very FIRST conference
paper way back in 1982)."</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Mike - I was taught (some) Welsh by a dear old vicar who explained
mutation as having arisen when Welsh contained more pitch than nowadays - such
as still heard strongly in S. wales and not so obviously in North Wales. He
said that the pitch of the final sound of the previous word affected the
following consonant. he likened it to Werner's Law which I know
depends on emphasis rather than pitch - but I could see the connection.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Was this not true? Or is it just another speculation?</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Heather<font color="navy"><span style="color: navy;">"</span></font></span></font></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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