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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: Ivison dos Passos Martins <<a href="mailto:ipm7d@OI.COM.BR">ipm7d@OI.COM.BR</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Definite articles</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Hi, you all,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
What's the origin of the Jutlandish definite article Æ æ ?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Thank you.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Have a nice week.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>
<br>
Subject: Morphology<br><br>Hi, Ívison!<br><br>After you posted the same question the other day (under "Morphology" -- and I do change subject lines), I thought I had responded to it. But I can't find my response in the archive, so I guess I only <i>intended </i>to answer your questions (which happens when you get old and feeble).<br>
<br>To make it (relatively) brief, please take a look at my introduction to Jutish as a part of our Anniversary presentation: <br><br><a href="http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/jysk-info.php">http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/jysk-info.php</a><br>
<br>Uniform <i>æ</i> is specific to Southern Jutish. Western Jutish has <i>æ</i> where Standard Danish has <i>-en</i> (<i>fælleskøn</i>), and it has <i>å</i> where </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Standard Danish has <i>-et</i> (<i>intetkøn</i>).<br>
<br>Yes, and unlike other Scandinavian (North Germanic) varieties, the Jutish definite article <i>precedes</i> the noun, most probably due to long-standing overlap with (and bilingualism involving) Low Saxon which resulted in West Germanic features in Jutish and in North Germanic features in the northernmost Low Saxon varieties.<br>
<br></span></font><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">English: <b>the</b> father | <b>the</b> house</span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Low Saxon: <i><b>de</b> vadder</i> | <i><b>dat</b> huus</i></span></font><br><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">South Jutish: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>æ</b> far</i> | </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>æ</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i> hus</i></span></font><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">West Jutish: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>æ</b> fær</i> | </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>å</b> hus</i></span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 204, 255);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Danish: <i>fa(de)r<b>en</b></i> | <i>hus<b>et</b></i></span></font><br><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Norwegian: <i>fa(de)r<b>en</b></i> | <i>hus<b>et</b></i></span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Swedish: <i>fa(de)r<b>en</b></i> | <i>hus<b>et</b></i></span></font><br><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Faroese: <i>faðir<b>in</b></i> | <i>hús<b>ið</b></i></span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Icelandic: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>faðir<b>inn</b></i> | <i>hús<b>ið</b></i></span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Old Norse: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>faðir<b>inn</b></i> | <i>hús<b>it<br>
<br></b></i></span></font></div><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">I believe it's uniformly </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> for plural 'the'.<br>
</span></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The indefinite article, however, is similar in Jutish and the rest of Scandinavian:<br>
<br></span></font><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">English: <b>a</b> father | <b>a</b> house</span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Low Saxon: <i><b>een (~ 'n)</b> vadder</i> | </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>een (~ 'n)</b> </i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>huus</i></span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">South Jutish: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>en (~ 'n)</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i> far</i> | </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>et (~ 't)</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i> hus</i></span></font><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">West Jutish: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>én (~ 'n)</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i> fær</i> | </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>ét (~ 't)</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i> hus</i></span></font><br>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Danish: </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><b>en</b> fa(de)r</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"> | </span><i><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">et</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"> hus</span><br>
</i>etc.<br></span></font></div><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
To make things a bit more complex, the Jutish definite article </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ</i><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">tends to be</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> homophonous with </span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ </i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'is', 'am', 'are' (Standard Danish <i>er</i>); e.g. West Jutish </span></span></font><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ</span></span></font></i><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i> gærdesmutte </i></span></span></font><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ </span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ f</span></span></font></i><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i>ær</i> 'the wren is the father'.<br>
<br>To get to your actual question, I am pretty convinced that the Jutish definite articles are derived from the Scandinavian articles (<i>-en > </i></span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, <i>-et</i> </span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">> </span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ~ <i>å</i>)</span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> but have come to precede the noun under Saxon influence.<br>
<br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron</span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><br>
</i></span></font></div><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">