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=========================================================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 96);">Brooks, Mark</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:mark.brooks@twc.state.tx.us">mark.brooks@twc.state.tx.us</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Phonology" 2008.06.07 (01) [E]<br></span><p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span>Fred asked:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: navy;"> <font size="2">"</font></span><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-GB">Is there such a
thing as a right pronunciation?. Has anyone dealt with the "problem"
before? What was your solution?"</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-GB">I for
one pronounce it with stress on the first syllable – kílometer. However, I
frequently hear it both ways. For what it's worth, Spanish pronounces it with
stress on the second syllable – kilómetro. I traveled in Europe many years
ago, but I doubt that has had any effect on my pronounciation.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span>Mark Brooks</span></p><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Travis Bemann</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:tabemann@gmail.com">tabemann@gmail.com</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Phonology" 2008.06.08 (01) [E]</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Ih2E3d">> From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
> Subject: Phonology<br>
><br>
> Thanks and bravo, Travis! This is certainly important to realize in cases of<br>
> languages such as English, Scots and other languages (such as Russian) that<br>
> have unpredictable stress assignment and significant vowel reduction in<br>
> "un"-stressed syllable.<br>
<br>
</div><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The matter is that with Old English, there was effectively limited</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
fixed phonemic stress, so that most words had stress on the first</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
syllable of the root (and not just the first syllable). Yet at the</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
same time, both Early New English and Middle Scots acquired a lot of</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
very conscious loans from languages with mobile stress (both phonemic</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
and allophonic), to the point that the stress alternation patterns in</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
larger words constructed from them were borrowed with them. (There</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
were a good amount of such loans during the Middle English period, but</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
they were far more strongly nativized, and hence much more closely</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
match native English stress patterns.) But the matter is that Anglic</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
dialects as a whole, both English and Scots, never have been true</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
mobile stress languages. Hence the system you see in English and Scots</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
today effectively reflect the shoehorning of loans with mobile stress</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
into a native system with fixed phonemic stress. As they never had a</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
true native system of mobile stress, the borrowed mobile stress of</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
many loanwords came to be associated with said loanwords and words</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
constructed from them; effectively, it got frozen through the</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
development of allomorphy of such words' morphemes. Furthermore, due</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
to internally having fixed phonemic stress, there was a strong</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
tendency for vowel reduction to become phonemicized, as there would be</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
a lack of sufficient stress movement to reinforce the unreduced</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
underlying forms in question. Of course, due to the borrowed mobile</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
stress of loanwords really being underlying allomorphy, such</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
phonemicization of unstressed vowels would also have been applied to</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
each allomorph individually. As a result, many of the allomorphs</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
reflecting borrowed mobile stress would have been permanently</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
separated phonologically, as the original unreduced forms that</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
differed only in primary stress placement would have been rendered</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
unrecoverable phonologically.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Ih2E3d"><br>
> This is not to say that certain phenomena of vowel reduction do not occur in<br>
> other languages as well, including those in the Lowlands.<br>
><br>
> Interestingly, Low Saxon tended to aim for easier management by reducing to<br>
> zero unstressed syllables in borrowed nouns with final stress; French<br>
> courage [kuˈʀaːʒ] > kraasch' [krɒːʒ] ~ kraasch [krɒːʃ] 'courage', (Latin<br>
> advocatus) > Afkaat [ʔafˈkʰɒːt] 'lawyer', 'barrister', Greek αποθήκη<br>
> apothḗkē > Latin apotheca > Apteek [ʔapˈtʰɛɪk] ~ Afteek [ʔafˈtʰɛɪk] (><br>
> Kashubian apteka, Polish apteka, Russian аптека apteka, Latvian aptieka,<br>
> Estonian apteek, Finnish apteeki) 'pharmacy'.<br>
<br>
</div><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The matter one must remember is that Low Saxon underwent general</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
apocope, which would likely have culled a lot of unstressed vowels in</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
such words if it also applied word-internally (which I suspect might</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
be the case). To really tell what happened in the case of Low Saxon</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
one would have to look at Middle Low Saxon, as that predated the</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
general apocope which occurred therein. Of course, in the English case</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
it is clear that the Early New English apocope only occured</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
morpheme-finally, and furthermore the development of a lot of the</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
final schwas in New English dialects today reflects extensive vowel</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
reduction postdating said apocope.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Phonology</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks again, Travis, for these interesting and important bits of information. The Kahuna (<a href="http://lowlands-l.net/treasures/kahuna.htm">http://lowlands-l.net/treasures/kahuna.htm</a>) has begun to pay attention.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Low Saxon apocope is morpheme-final. There are two interesting things about it:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<ol style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>While it did (or does?) apply in most North Saxon dialects (which are the ones that tend to dominate the presence of the language), it did not apply in a good number of others, especially in Westphalian and Eastphalian ones and North Saxon and Eastern dialects that border them. So you can still analyze living varieties that have no apocope.<br>
<br></li><li>I would really love to get your analysis of the phenomenon of lengthening as a result of apocope, a feature that goes by many younger people who rely much on writing, most of which does not indicate it. In other words, this feature, along with distinction between diphthongs and long monophthongs, is in the process of being lost in great part because of poor spelling. Apocope causes lengthening of the preceding syllable, which in cases of long monophthongs leads to extra- or super-long monophthongs (referred to as <i>Schleifton</i> "drawl tone" in German). What's particularly interesting here is that final devoicing (which otherwise applies consistently) is starved in the case of super-length. In other words, it looks as though apocope applies after devoicing. In dialects with intervocalic d-deletion, /d/ may then be deleted (which seems to have happened in the case of Dutch <i>luyde</i> > <i>lui</i> 'people'), and in a few dialects this happens to /g/ as well. Examples:<br>
<br>
Monophthongs:<i><br>hase </i>[ˈhɒːze] ~> <i>haas'</i> [hɒːˑz] (not *[hɒːs]) 'hare'<br>(<i>haar</i> [hɒːɐ] 'hair' >) <i>hare</i> [hɒːre] -> <i>haar'</i> [hɒːˑɐ] 'hairs'<br><i>stede</i> [ˈsteː(d)e] ~> <i>steed'</i> [steːˑ(d)] (not *[steːt]) 'stead', 'place', 'spot'<br>
<i>dele</i> [ˈdeːle] ~> <i>deel'</i> [deːˑl] (not *[deːl]) 'floor', 'hallway', 'stage'<br><i>luyde</i> [lyː(d)e] ~> <i>luyd'</i> [ˈlyːˑ(d)] (not *[lyːt]) 'people'<br>(<i>bruud</i> 'bride' [bruːt] >) <i>bruyde</i> [ˈbryː(d)e] ~> <i>bruyd'</i> [bryːˑ(d)] (not *[bryːt]) 'brides'<br>
(<i>dag</i> [dax] 'day' >) <i>dage</i> [ˈdɒːɣe] ~> <i>daag'</i> [dɒːˑɣ] (not *[dɒːx]) 'days'<br><i>mage</i> [ˈmɒːɣe] ~> <i>maag'</i> [mɒːˑɣ] (not *[mɒːx]) 'stomach'<br>(<i>weg</i> [vɛç] 'way' >) <i>wege</i> [ˈveːɣe] ~ <i>weeg'</i> [veːˑɣ] (not *[veːç]) 'ways'<br>
(<i>schaap</i> [ʃɒːp] 'sheep' >) <i>schape</i> [ˈʃɒːpe] ~> <i>schaap' </i>[ʃɒːˑp] (not *[ʃɒːp]) 'sheep' (pl.)<br><i>oge</i> [ʔoːɣe] ~> <i>oog'</i> [ʔoːˑɣ] (not [ʔoːx] or [ʔɔʊx]) 'eye'<br>
(<i>schip</i> [ʃɪp] 'ship' >) <i>schippe</i> [ˈʃɪpe] ~> <i>scheep' </i>[ʃeːˑp] (not *[ʃeːp]) 'ships' ([ɪː] > [eː])<br>But:<br><i>stimme</i> [ˈstɪˑme]<i> ~> stimm</i> [stɪˑm] 'voice'<br>
<i>lippe</i> [ˈlɪpe]<i> ~> lipp</i> [lɪp] 'lip'<br><i>valle</i> [ˈfaˑle]<i> ~> </i><i>vall</i> [ˈfaˑł] 'trap'<br>(<i>pot</i> [pʰɔt] 'pot' >) <i>pötte</i> [ˈpʰœte] ~> <i>pöt</i> [pʰœt] 'pots'<br>
<br>Diphthongs:<br>(<i>leyge</i> [ˈlɛˑɪʝe] ~ [ˈlaˑɪʝe] >) <i>leyg'</i> [lɛːɪʝ] ~ [laːɪʝ] ('low' >) 'bad' <br> (usually written <i>leeg</i> and mispronounced as [lɛɪç])<br>(<i>droyge</i> [ˈdrœˑɪʝe] ~ [ˈdrɔˑɪʝe] >) <i>droyg'</i> [drœːɪʝ] ~ [drɔːɪʝ] 'dry'<br>
(usually written <i>dr</i><i>ö</i><i>ö</i><i>g</i> and mispronounced as [drœɪç] ~ [drɔɪç])<br><i>louge </i>[ˈlɔˑʊɣe] ~ [ˈlaˑʊɣe] > <i>loug' </i>[ˈlɔːʊɣ] ~ [ˈlaːʊɣ] 'lye', 'leach', 'solution'<br>
(usually written <i>Loog</i> and mispronounced as [loːx] ~ [lɔʊx])<br></li></ol><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Please note that apocope does not apply in cases of grammatical marking; e.g. </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Dat huus is groot </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">[groːt]</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> un hoog</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> [hoːx] 'The house/building is big and tall', </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">dat grote </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">[groːte]</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, hoge </i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">[ˈhoːɣe]</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> huus</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'the big, tall house/building'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks for thinking about this!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">