<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 15 June 2008 - Volume 07</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Paul Tatum</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:ptatum@blueyonder.co.uk">ptatum@blueyonder.co.uk</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Phonology" 2008.06.15 (05) [E]<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hello Ron et al,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
you wrote:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>><br>
</blockquote><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Ih2E3d">
<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
I believe that the leveling of /r/ and /ghayn/ in North African Jewish
Arabic is due to French-inspired "affectation" in French colonies.
(Most new North African immigrants I met in Israel tried their best to
pass as French.) Jews of Egypt (once a British colony) do not use a
uvular sound for /r/.<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
</div><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Ih2E3d"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
I rather think that the spread of uvular /r/ in Europe emanated from French via the French craze in the 17th and 18th centuries.<br>
</blockquote>
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I sometimes think that discussing the distribution of different
pronunciations of a single sound (I don't want to say 'phoneme',
because a sound is only a phoneme within a given context) across areas
is problematic. In this case, do your theories have to explain every
area of uvular or apical pronunciation as having its origins due to the
influence of some other area? How do you distinguish between
pronunciation which is 'indiginous' from pronunciation which is
'borrowed'? Is the idea that a craze for a culture should influence the
speech of common people a little far-fetched? I mean OK, a lot of
English people say 'garage' with the French voiced fricative /Z/ for
the second [g], but that is a foreign phoneme, but replacing /r/ with
/R/ in native words across the board seems, well, implausible. Is there
any evidence this has ever happened in any language?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888">
<br>
Paul Tatum.<br>
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From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">></span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Subject: Phonology<br><br>Hi, Paul!<br><br>It's been a while.<br><br>All good points you raised I think.<br><br>Well, how about areal features then? A linguistic feature (which can be a sound) spreads over a certain geographic area irrespective of boundaries between languages and language families. Striking examples outside Europe are the use of glottalized stop consonants from Alaska to Northern California and the affricate /tɬ/ (the affricate equivalent of Welsh "ll") occurring uninterruptedly in unrelated languages from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, and in southeastern Asia where unrelated languages share ingressive labials and unreleased final stops. <br>
<br>Areal features spread through contacts and multilingualism, including intermarriage.<br><br>Any feature can be preserved as a part of a substratum or it can be introduced as a part of an adstratum, and this includes articulation.<br>
<br>An example of feature preservation is the case of tonality in peripheral Bengali dialects with Tibeto-Burman substrata. Conversely, an example of feature loss is the absence of tones in Mandarin and Tibetan varieties that overlap with Altaic languages in Western China. <br>
<br>Acquisition of features very often involves prestige, and these days much of that is being promoted by formal education and the mass media. People will switch to a different sort of articulation of a phoneme if this is considered desirable. How else would you explain the rapid spread of the uvular /r/ in the Netherlands, especially in the Randstad area, the "happenin' place"? How else would you explain that my mother and her children belonged to the vanguard group using the uvular /r/ in their place and social class? How else would you explain non-rhoticism replacing rhoticism in Southern England, as explained by "the other Paul"? Non-rhoticism became prestigious because it predominated among Southeastern England's gentry and intelligentsia. In the USA, on the other land, non-rhoticism in New England, New York and the Southeast is rapidly giving way to rhoticism, because rhoticism is nationally predominant and prestigious.<br>
<br>In 17th- and 18th-century Europe outside France, many members of the gentry and would-be gentry were so much in love with French that many of switched to French as a default medium with their like-minded peers. Some of them even faked French accents when they spoke the actual languages of their areas. The then prestigious "Saxon" German dialect of Meissen had or acquired the uvular /r/ at the time. It caught on in other cities, such as Leipzig and Dresden, also in Berlin, Prussia's power center in which the (now extinct) local Southeastern Low Saxon dialects soon gave way to the types of Missingsch (= Meissenisch) we now know as "Berlinerisch". For a while, the rest of Northern Germany remained largely Low-Saxon-speaking in rural and semi-rural areas as well as in lower urban classes. In most places it was only the "better" social classes that were totally German-centered, and this includes educators, especially those in tertiary education, in part because academics were often hired over long distances, and German was the natural lingua franca in German-centered learning. As I mentioned before, pretty much all locally raised old people that I knew as a child in Hamburg still used the apical /r/, even those that could no longer speak Low Saxon or spoke it poorly. Those using the apical /r/ in Hamburg now are few and far between. All right. I may seem old to some, but I ain't <i>that</i> old. So we are talking about pretty rapid spread here.<br>
<br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">