<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 26 June 2008 - Volume 05<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);">Roland Desnerck</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:desnerck.roland@skynet.be">desnerck.roland@skynet.be</a>></span><span class="lDACoc"></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Semantics" 2008.06.26 (02) [E]<br><br></span><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font size="2">Beste allen,</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">In oude Oostendse teksten vind ik zowel "cleene"
(klein) als "smal". Voorbeeld: "de smalle zeesteden" = de kleine
zeesteden.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Nu zijn in het Oostends (en in het Nederlands)
"klein" (little) en "smal" (narrow). </font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Wat smal is, doet natuurlijk aan klein
denken.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">De Oostendse uitspraak is "smol" (net als bolke,
kolk, volke ... voor balk, kalk, valk ...).</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Voor "veel" kennen we "vele" en "menig" (many).
"Enig" beantwoordt dan aan "any".</font> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Toetnoasteki,</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Roland Desnerck</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Oostende, West-Vlaanderen </span><br><br>----------</font><br></div><br>From: <span class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">jonny</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:jonny.meibohm@arcor.de">jonny.meibohm@arcor.de</a>></span></span><br>
Subject: <span class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Semantics" 2008.06.26 (02) [E]<br><br></span><div id="1eks" class="ArwC7c ckChnd">
<div>
<div><span><font face="Courier New">Beste
Ingmar,</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Courier New">Du
schreyvst:</font></span></div><div class="Ih2E3d">
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Courier New"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> My intuition says that the
usage of small and little in English is</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> </span></font></span><span><font face="Courier New"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">originally from Scandinavian,
i.e. Old Norse, Old Danish, Old Norwegian.</span></font></span></div>
</div><div class="Ih2E3d"><div><span><font face="Courier New"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> In the other West Germanic
languages (other than English) "smal"</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> and "schmal" have a
different meaning, in Dutch and German "klein" in the</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> word for both little and
small.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></font></span></div>
</div><div><span><font face="Courier New">I'm not sure about
a Scandinavian influence here, because in our Low Saxon you may use 'small' the
same way like in English. And in Standard German we use terms like
e.g. 'schmale Kost', meaning E 'slender diet'= 'small
meal'.</font></span></div><div class="Ih2E3d">
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Courier New"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> It looks like the
difference between much and many.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> In the Scandinavian
languages we see myck etc. and menge etc., whereas</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">> German has only 'viel' and
Dutch 'veel'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></font></span></div>
</div><div><span><font face="Courier New">What about Standard
German '(eine) ganze Menge', meaning both 'much' and 'many'?</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div align="left"><font face="Courier New">Allerbest!</font></div>
<div align="left"> </div><font color="#888888">
<div align="left"><font face="Courier New">Jonny
Meibohm</font></div></font></div>
</div><br>----------<br><br><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="3">From: R. F. Hahn <</font><a rel="nofollow" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank"><font size="3">sassisch@yahoo.com</font></a></div>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3">Subject: Etymology<br><br>"Little" is not a Scandinavian loan. It goes back to Old English <i>lýtel</i> ~ <i>lytel</i>, cf. Old Saxon <i>luttil</i>, Old German <i>luzzil</i> (> dialect. <i>lützel</i>), Middle Dutch <i>luttel</i> (> <i>luttel</i>), Old Norse <i>lítell</i>, Gothic <i>leitils</i> < Germanic <i>*lîtilo</i>. This is a diminutive form based on Old English </font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3"><i>lýt</i> (cf. Old Saxon <i>lut</i> > Modern <i>l</i></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3"><i>ütt</i>, cf. </font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3">Scandinavian <i>lítt</i> < Germanic *<i>lut ~ *lût</i>) which gave dialectical English <i>lite</i> 'small', 'insignificant'. Another derivation with the meaning 'small' are Old Saxon <i>luttik</i> (> <i>l</i></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3"><i>üttig</i>), Old Frisian <i>littich</i> and Old German <i>luzzîg.</i><br>
<br>My theory is that, if not semantically intended from the outset, the diminutive form favored the semantic inclusion of "cuteness" (e.g., "the (cute/poor) little bird" vs "the small bird" = "small in size"). "Little-ness" tends to be associated with vulnerability, hence appealing to one's protector instinct with "cuteness," while "small" refers to size without this emotional appeal. "Little" is therefore often associated with "poor" in the sense of "pitiable." In "poor", semantic inclusion of "destitute" and "deprived" and in extension "pitiable" seems to have come with importation of Norman <i>pover ~ pore ~ pour ~ povere ~ poevere ~ puvre</i>, since all Romance cognates can be used in the sense of "pitiable" as well, just as they do the Germanic equivalents.<br>
<br><i>Klein</i> for 'small' and 'little' is normal in Dutch and German. There are some Low Saxon dialects that use <i>kleen</i> [klɛˑɪn] ~ <i>klein</i></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3"> [klaˑɪn]</font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3">, but most use </font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3"><i>l</i></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="3"><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ütt</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> [lʏt]. In all three languages you can use </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">arm</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> the same way as you use "poor", i.e. with the extended sense of 'pitiable'. (In the very north, Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Stackel</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> can be used for 'pitiable person', probably derived from Jutish </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">stakkel</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, related to the adjective </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">stakkels</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'pitiable', possibly derived from an old sense of "cripple" or perhaps "toddler" = "someone that staggers about"). </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In some Low Saxon dialects you can use </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">pover</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> strictly in the sense of 'poor' = 'indigent'. This is a French loan, a more recent one than English "poor". Note that this can </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">not</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> be used in the sense of 'pitiable'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">English "small" is related to German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">schmal</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> and Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">smaal</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, both usually meaning 'narrow' but, as Jonny points out above, 'small' in some idiomatic expressions.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br>
</font><br>