<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 27 June 2008 - Volume 07<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Roger Thijs, Euro-Support, Inc.</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:roger.thijs@euro-support.be">roger.thijs@euro-support.be</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L History was Re: LL-L "Language varieties" 2008.06.23 (03) [E]<br>
<br></span><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" id="1fjv" class="ArwC7c ckChnd">
<div bgcolor="#ffffff">
<div>> From:
<span style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Helge Tietz</span> <span><<a href="mailto:helgetietz@yahoo.com" target="_blank">helgetietz@yahoo.com</a>></span><br>> Subject: LL-L "Language
varieties" 2008.06.22 (06) [E/LS]<br>> The area around
Eupen-Maastricht-Liege-Aachen is linguistically indeed very interesting and very
confusing including the curious existence of Neutral Moresnet which was a
virtually independent country for almost hundred years</div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">I would like to say a few words about undivided
Moresnet.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Actually it was never neutral, but just undivided, as such
left in art. 17 of the border treaty, signed in Aachen on June 26, 1816, and,
after ratification in both the Netherlands and Prussia, finalized,
by exchange of the documents of ratification, in Kleve on September 16
1816. The report on the exact placement of the border stones was exchanged in
Emmerich on September 23, 1818.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2"><strong>Governors of Undivided Moresnet</strong></font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">1. Period with 2 governors</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">a - The Prussian governors:</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">1817 Geheimer Bergrat Wilhelm Hardt</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1819 Oberbergrat Johann-Martin-Daniel Mayer, director of the
Bergamt of Düren</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1836 Heinrich Martins, Oberbergrat in Bonn</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1852 Armand von Harenne, Landrat von Eupen (for police
only)</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1854 Armand von Harenne, Landrat von Eupen
(completely)</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1866 Landrat Freiherr von der Heydt</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1868 Landrat Edward Guelcher (as delegue of the king
only)</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1871 Landrat Sternickel</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1893 Landrat Edward Guelcher</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1909 Landrat The Losen</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">b1 - The Dutch governors</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">1817 Werner Jacob, deputee of the provincial administration of
Liège</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1823 Joseph Brandes, registrar of the provincial
administration of Liège</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">b2 - The Belgian governors</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">1835 Lambert Ernst, assistant prosecuter at the Court of
Appeal of Liège</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1840 Mathieu Cremer, judge at the district court of
Verviers</font></div>
<div><font size="2">1889 Fernand Bleyfuesz, commissioner of the district
(arrondissement) of Verviers</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">b3 - The German occuption force in Belgium (headed by Governor
General von Bissing)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">(March) 1915 Dr. Bayer, kaiserliche Zivilkommissar bei dem
Kreischef zu Verviers</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">2. Period with 1 governor</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">(June) 1915 Justizrat Spiess (replacing ad interim Landrat The
Rosen)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">3. Treaty of Versailles 1919</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Undivided Moresnet was assigned directly to Belgium (art.
32)</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Eupen-Malmedy went formally through a voting procedure (with
possibilty of writing disapproving comments openly in a register) before being
fully integrated. (art. 33-38)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2"><strong>Law</strong></font></div>
<div><font size="2">The law valid in 1816 (French law)
remained applied in undivided Moresnet. Judicial procedures started before
the Judge of peace of Aachen (Germany), with eventually appeal at the court of
Appeal in Liège (Belgium), both acting as to old French law. This was
complemented by decrees issued jointly by the 2 governors.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2"><strong>Citizenship.</strong></font></div>
<div><font size="2">Only the original inhabitants (incl immigrants till 1820) and
their direct descendance had "neutral" citizenship of Undivided Moresnet (248 in
1818, 273 in 1865, 490 in 1918).</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2"><strong>Resources</strong></font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">1. Moresnet</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Firmin Paquet, <strong>Le territoire contesté de
Moresnet</strong>, 1960, Verviers, Gérard, 100 pp.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">(very detailled as to the legal situation, the best resource
on the subject)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">2. Eupen - Malmedy, including some random comments on
Moresnet</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">J PD van Banning, <strong>Gebiedsovergang en zijn gevolgen,
getoetst aan de praktijk van inlijving van Eupen-Malmedy door België</strong>,
1949, Schaesberg, Drukkerij Bykorf, 117 pp. + a large map. A PhD paper with a
very interesting legal analysis <em>(intended to extrapolate to the
situation of the Drostamt Tüddern, annexed by the Netherlands; later returned to
Germany, is now the municipality of "Selfkant", cf. P.M. Coebergh, Het Drostamt
Tüddern, 1952, Maastricht, 272 pp. + map)</em></font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Roger Collinet, <strong>L'annexation d'Eupen et Malmedy à la
Belgique en 1920</strong>, 1986, Verviers, La Dérive, 127 pp. (contains much
in-chamber details of the politics of the Belgian government)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Gerd Kleu,<strong> Die Neuordnung der Ostkantone Belgiens
(1945-1956),</strong> 2007, Essen, Klartext, ISBN 978-3-89871-417-7, 184 pp.
(also treats briefly in about 30 pp the period 1795-1945)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Kurt Fagnoul, <strong>Die annulierte Annexion, Von Wiener
Kongreß bis zum Ende Bolleniens</strong>, 1985, St. Vith, Aktuell Verlag, 225
pp.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Vocabulary: <font color="#0000ff"><strong>Bollenien</strong></font>: Local name for the territory
annexed by Belgium in 1945, returned to Germany in 1958, governed by the Belgian
General <strong>Bolle</strong> (It included Bildchen, Lichtenbusch, Losheim and
parts of Leykaul and Hemmeres)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Eupen-Malmedy und sein Gouverneur, <strong>Denkschrift
herausgegeben bei Gelegenheit der zu Ehren des General-Leutnants Baltia am 28.
Oktober 1923 veranstalteten Feier</strong>, 1923, printed in Brussels, 143 pp
large size with insert of many glossy pages with pictures.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">More about Baltia:</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Baltia" target="_blank">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Baltia</a></font></div>
<div><font size="2"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Baltia" target="_blank">http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Baltia</a></font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">3. Language</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Nelde, <strong>Deutsch als Muttersprache in Belgien</strong>,
1979 Wiesbasen, Franz Steiner Verlag, viii + 288 pp.(includes quite some
material about the "dialects")</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Peusgen's Pierrot, <strong>Alles wat däer at ömmer weete woolt
över <font color="#0000ff">Kelemes</font> än Omjebung</strong>, CD with 26
contributions, published by BRF-2, 2007 (</font><a href="http://www.brf.be/brf2" target="_blank"><font size="2">http://www.brf.be/brf2</font></a><font size="2">).</font></div>
<div><font size="2"><font color="#0000ff">Kelmis</font> (</font><a href="http://www.kelmis.be%29+is/" target="_blank"><font size="2">http://www.kelmis.be)
is</font></a><font size="2"> the name undivided Moresnet got in Belgium in 1919.
It absorbed some other municipalities in the seventies. </font></div>
<div><font size="2">The CD is in stock at the "logos" bookshop downtown Eupen (<a href="http://www.logos.be/" target="_blank">http://www.logos.be</a>)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Vocabulary of the splitted Moresnet:</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Western Part (1815 Netherlands, 1830 Belgian): <font color="#0000ff">Moresnet </font>(now part of Plombières (Bleyberg)) (French as
administrative language)</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Central Part (1815 undivided, 1919 Belgian): <font color="#0000ff">Neutral Moresnet</font>, 1919:<font color="#0000ff"> Kelmis, La
Calamine</font> (German as administrative language)</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Eastern Part (1815 Prussian, 1919 Belgian): <font color="#0000ff">Preußisch Moresnet,</font> 1919 <font color="#0000ff">Neu-Moresnet</font> (now part of Kelmis) (German as
administrative language)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2">Regards,</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Roger</font></div></div>
</div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">