<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L  - 30 June 2008 - Volume 07<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe"><span class="EP8xU" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Stan Levinson</span> <span class="lDACoc"><<a href="mailto:stlev99@yahoo.com">stlev99@yahoo.com</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="HcCDpe">LL-L "Morphology" 2008.06.30 (04) [E]<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ingmar,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">To add some interest to this non-Lowlands Question, you
might find interesting that in Sicilian, the definite articles are
EITHER "o" or "lo"/"lu" (feminine a/la), with the difference being, I
believe, regional.  My knowledge is not first-hand.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Stan</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: Ingmar Roerdinkholder <<a rel="nofollow" href="mailto:ingmar.roerdinkholder@WORLDONLINE.NL" target="_blank">ingmar.roerdinkholder@WORLDONLINE.NL</a>><br>
Subject: LL-L "Morphology" 2008.06.29 (03) [E]<br><br>
Yes, you wonder right.<br>
Ivison, what is the origin of the O + A articles in Portuguese?<br>
In Spanish it's EL + LA, in Italian IL + LA, in French LE + LA?<br>
I know Ptg dropped its middle L and N - I guess the word Portuguese is<br>
from PortugaLese itself - so may O and A be from eLo and eLa?<br>
And was "elo" the neuter article, I'd expect masculine to end in -e "eLe"?<br><br>
Ciao, obrigado<br>
Ingmar<br></div>


<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br>----------<br><br>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Morphology<br><br>Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Latin</b>:<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">masculine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ille</b><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">illa</b><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">illud</span></b><br><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">illi</b><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">illae</b><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">illa</span></b>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br>
</span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Definite articles in <b>Italian</b>:<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">masculine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">il</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, <b>lo</b></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">la</b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">gli</b><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">le</b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b>
</div><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br>Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Old Norse</b>:<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">sa</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">sú</span></b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þat</span></b><br>
<b>
</b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">masculine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þeir</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þær</span></b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þau</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Old English</b>:<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">se</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">seð</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þ</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">æ</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">t</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br>
<b>
</b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">all: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þa</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Old Frisian</b>:<br>
<br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: <b>th</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">í</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">thiu</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: <b>th</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">et</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br>
<b>
</b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">all: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">tha</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></div>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Old Saxon</b>:<br>
<br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: <b>se, thi</b>,<b> thie</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">thiu</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">the</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: <b>tha</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">t</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">the</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br>
<b>
</b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">masculine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">thia</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> thie</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">thia</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">the</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">thiu</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> thia</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></div>

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Gothic</b>:<br><br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: <b>sa</b><b></b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">s</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ō</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þata</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br>
<b>
</b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">masculine: </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þai</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þ</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ōs</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">þ</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ō</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br>
<b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b></div>
<b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></span></b><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrative pronouns in <b>Sanskrit</b>:<br>
<br></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singular:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
masculine: साः <b>sāḥ</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: सा </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>sā</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: तत् <b>ta</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">t</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><br>
<b>
</b><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Plural:</span><br><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">masculine: से </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">s</span></b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">e</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">feminine: ताः </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">t</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>ā</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>ḥ</b></span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">neuter: तानि </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">t</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>āni</b><br>
</span></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></b><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">