<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">=========================================================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 02 July 2008 - Volume 04<br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: Ivison dos Passos Martins <<a href="mailto:ipm7d@OI.COM.BR">ipm7d@OI.COM.BR</a>></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: Low Saxon Dutch and English</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Hallo!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
I was reading some texts in Low Saxon (with the help of an English</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
version) the other day and I saw some words like Steen Gous fif and I</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
remember a friend of mine told once that if there would have been no Vowel</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Shift Low Saxon, English and Dutch would probably be the same language.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
I've noticed there are not many diphthongs in Low Saxon.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>
<br>
Subject: Phonology<br><br>Hi again, </span></font><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ívison!<br><br>
</span></font><div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
I've noticed there are not many diphthongs in Low Saxon.</span><br></div><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>This is because you go by written forms, and the German-based orthography for the Northern Low Saxon dialects is not very good and on top of it tends to be insufficiently followed. Whatever diphthongs don't exist in German are written as though they were monophthongs, and most people don't even use the distinguishing symbols between monophthongs and diphthongs that they are supposed to be using according to the creators of the system. (Single symbols are used in open syllables, double symbols in closed syllable, but most people in Germany don't even understand that. * = diphthong)<br>
<br><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">intended</span> </span></b>> <b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">"casual"</span></b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(my AS system)</span> [phonetic] <br>
<br><b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">ę/ę(ę) ~ </span></b></span></font><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ęh </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">~ ä/ää </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">~ äh</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> > </span></font><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">e/ee ~ eh</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(e/ee)</span> | [eː] ~ [ɛː] <br>
</span></font><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">*e/ee ~ </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">eh</span></b> </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">> </span></font><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">e/ee ~ eh</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(ey)</span> [] ~ [] (= </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ei []</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> in some dialects)</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
<br><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">ö̢/</b></span></font><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö̢(</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">̢) ~ ö̢h ~ </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">œ/œ(œ)</b><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"> ~ œh</b> > </span></font><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö/</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö ~ </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">öh</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(oe)</span> [øː] ~ [œː]<br>
</span></font><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">*ö/</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö ~ </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">öh</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> > </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö/</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö ~ </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">öh</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(oy)</span> </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[œˑɪ] <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"></span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(= </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">äu ~ eu</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> [ɔˑɪ]</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> in some dialects)</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
</span></font>
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>Some dialects also distinguish these following:<br><br><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">o̢/o̢o̢ ~ o̢</b><b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">h</span></b> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">o/oo ~ oh</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(o/oo)</span> [oː]<br>
<b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">*o/oo ~ oh</b> > </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">o/oo ~ oh</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(ou)</span> [ɔˑʊ] (= </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">au [aˑʊ]</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> in some dialects)</span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>Examples:<br><br><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">b</b></span></font><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ę</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">den</b> ~ <b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">b</b></span></font><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">äden</span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">beden </b><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(beden)</span> 'to pray'<br>
<b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">*beden </b>> <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">beden </b><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(beyden)</span> 'to offer'<br></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pö</span></font></b><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">̢hl </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">> </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pöhl </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </b><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(poel)</span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"></span> 'poles', 'posts'<br>
</span></font><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">*P</span></font></b><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ö</span></font></b><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">hl </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">> </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pöhl</span></font></b><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></font></b><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </b><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(poyl')</span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 'pillows'; 'ponds'<br>
<br>In some dialects also:<br><br></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">lo̢</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">o̢s</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">loos</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </b><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(loos)</span> 'loose'<br>
</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">*Goos</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Goos</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </b><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(gous)</span> (= Gaus in some dialects) 'goose'<br>
<br>On top of it there are the following diphthongs:<br><br style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">ei</b> ~ <b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">ai</b> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">ei</b> ~ <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">ai</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(ay)</span> [aˑɪ]<br>
<b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">au</b> > <b>au</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(au)</span> [aˑʊ]<br><br>Examples:<br></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">
<b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Seil</b> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Seil</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(sayl)</span> 'sail'</span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Maimaand</b> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Maimaand</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(maymaand)</span> 'May'<br>
</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Dau</b> > <b>Dau</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(dau)</span> 'dew'<br>
<br>By the way, the diphthongs sound somewhat lengthened; i.e. the first vowel is half-long. So they sound "drawn-out," in some dialects somewhat nasal.<br><br>Look at the following Low Saxon words (with a diphthong as in slow, emphasized versions of English words like "bay", "stain", "made" and "ale"):</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><br>
<br></b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Low Saxon = Dutch = Danish = English = Scots</span><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><br><br>een</b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">een</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(eyn)<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> = een = en = one = ane </span></span></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Steen</b> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Steen</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(steyn)<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> = steen = sten = stone = stane <br>
</span></span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Been</b> > <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Been</b> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">(beyn)<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> = been = ben = bone = bane <br>
<br>The Danish equivalents have all long vowels and the <i>stød</i> I mentioned last time. Scots has a long [e:] ([e:n] [ste:n], [be:n]). It's only English that has rounding in these cases.<br><br>Regards,<br>Reinhard/Ron<br>
<br></span></span></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"></span></span></font>