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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 17 August 2008 - Volume 05<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Elsie Zinsser</span></span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:ezinsser@icon.co.za">ezinsser@icon.co.za</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Morphology" 2008.08.17 (03) [E]</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">Hi all</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">Sandy, Afrikaans simplified to a great extent:</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">Plurals:</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">mense</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">beeste</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">huise</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">skoene </span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL"> </span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">but </span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL"> </span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">kinders (D. kinderen)</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">kamers</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">blakers</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">gewoontes</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">aanpassings</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">sluitings</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL"> </span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">and</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL"><br style="">
<br style="">
</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">ui –uie</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">oog –oë</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">boog – boë</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL"> </span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">Past tense:</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">kom – gekom</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;" lang="NL">gaan – gegaan</span><span style="" lang="NL"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">is – was</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">wil - wou</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">sal - sou</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">kan</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> - kon</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> Elsie</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> </span></p>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">In
English, Scots and Shetlandic we have plural markings -s/-es [s],</span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">
[z], [@z] and more rarely -en/-n. In Dutch we have -en. Do those two</span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">
markings cover the plural formation for all Lowlands languages?</span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">
</span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">
Similarly in these languages only the past tense is marked (-ed and</span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">
variants in English, -it, -ed and variants in Scots). Are there</span><br><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">
Lowlandic languages that also mark the future?</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span><br></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">
<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">From: R. F.
Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>
<br>
Subject: Morphology<br>
<br>
Sandy, Lowlanders,<br>
<br>
One of my long-term projects is remodeling, refurbishing and hopefully improving
my Northern Low Saxon grammar presentation: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/grammar/">http://lowlands-l.net/grammar/</a> (which
proved to be surprisingly popular).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The beginning
of the new version (so far only in English and without pronunciation/orthography
and verbs) is temporarily housed here: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/grammar-new/">http://lowlands-l.net/grammar-new/</a><br style="">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">In
the English version (<a href="http://lowlands-l.net/grammar-new/en/">http://lowlands-l.net/grammar-new/en/</a>), go to "Number" under
"Nouns" to find an overview of plural marking.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Notes:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -12pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Plural marking with <i>-s</i>
is quite widespread.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -12pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Word-final apostrophe marks
"superlength" (compensatory lengthening) where original <i>-e</i> has been dropped.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>
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