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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 01 September 2008 - Volume 05<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><br>
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</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="DE">===========================================</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="DE"><br>
From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Henno Brandsma</span></span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl">hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Grammar" 2008.09.01 (03) [E]</span><br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;" lang="DE"><span style="word-spacing: 0px;">From: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 104, 28);"><a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank"><span style="" lang="DE">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;" lang="DE"> <</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank"><span style="" lang="DE">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;" lang="DE">><br>
Subject: LL-L "Grammar" 2008.08.31 (04) [E]</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">from <a href="mailto:heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank">heatherrendall@tiscali.co.uk</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Ron wrote "much like the two types of
infinitives in Frisian."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Could
you give us some examples of these, please</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Heather</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>> <br>
Subject: Grammar<br>
<br>
Hi, Heather!<br>
<br>
I haven't yet come to grips with that phenomenon and don't have
example data here. So I'm leaving it to Henno, Henry or whoever else knows
about it better than I do.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">I'll give a
short sketch of this interesting phenomenon: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">All Frisian
varieties (both Westerlauwer Frisian, Saterland Frisian and North Frisian, and
also in the substrate dialect "Westfries" of Dutch layered on top of
Frisian) have 2 types of infinitive, one that ends in -e (for the WF case, in
which I will give all examples), and the n-form that has an extra n at the end.
Note that this -n is pronounced clearly (although then often the schwa (e)
before it disappears, like in rinne [rIn@] vs rinnen [rInn], with vocalic n, or
sometimes (but more rarely, IMO) [rIn@n]. Verbs that already end in -n (a small
group in WF, and in other varieties they don't always exist), like dwaan (to
do), gean (to go), slaan (to beat) have but one form.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Their use
is complementary: the -n form is te form of the verb one uses when we make a
noun out of a verb:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">-
ierappeldollen is swier wurk (harvesting potatoes is heavy labour) [the verb
being ierappeldolle]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- It
meitsjen fan myn fyts duorre lang [reparing my bike took a long time] (meitsje
= to make, to repair..)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">It also
occurs as a gerund after verbs of "sense":</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- ik hear
him sjongen (I hear him singing) [sjonge = to sing]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- ik sjoch
him oankommen (I see him coming/ arriving) [oankomme = to arrive]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">This is
also called the ACI (accusativus cum infinivo) construction, like in Latin
[audio eum cantare etc.]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">And also
after the proposition "te"</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- Ik haw
him te sliepen hân (I've had him over to sleep, lit.: I have him to sleep had)
[sliepe = to sleep]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- Ik haw
der neat te sykjen (I have no business there, lit.: I have nothing to seek
there) [sykje = to seek]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">and in
"oan it...." constructions (these can be seen as nominalisations, at
some level):</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- Hy is oan
it rinnen (he is walking (right now)).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Other cases
have -e, mostly after modal verbs:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="NL">- Ik kin net sjonge (I cannot sing)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- Ik wol
graach komme (I want to come (with pleasure))</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">- Ik sil it
efkes opsykje (I will look it up).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">I think
etymologically the -en form partially comes from the gerund -end (or -and,
-ande etc in Old Frisian).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">In Frisian
all infinitives had lost their final -n (from Old Germanic), and in later
Frisian the d in -end became weak (though we still have forms like "the
rinnende man" = the walking man, the man that is walking, etc. ). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">There are
analogous distinguished forms in English (-ing vs normal verb forms with to)
and sometimes German (ich habe ihn singende gehört). There are some papers on
the phenomenon, also connected to its preservation in substrate forms
(althought his has largely died out in the current generation).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Henno
Brandsma</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br style="">
<br style="">
<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"></span></span></p>
</div>