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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 04 October 2008 - Volume 01<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style=""><br>
From: <span style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Jacqueline Bungenberg de Jong</span>
<<a href="mailto:Dutchmatters@comcast.net">Dutchmatters@comcast.net</a>><br>
Subject: LL-L "Lexicon" 2008.10.03 (05) [D/E/German]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">For the Lexical Bunch, Mark, Ron,
Marlou, Arend and Ron. </span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;">Mark made the remark that: </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">By the way, I believe a "blad" can mean "page" or
"newspaper" in some of the Germanic languages.</span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; color: blue;">Yes, not
only that, but in Dutch the word "blad" has two different plurals.</span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; color: blue;"> blad/bladeren
for the leaves of trees and flowers;</span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; color: blue;">and
blad/bladen for things that can give you nasty papercuts, like newspaper and
grass and also flat things on which you can set something down, with the
meaning of tray, or table leaf. </span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; color: blue;">But then
we do not know "blad" in the meaning of English "blade"</span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; color: blue;">Have fun
with that one! </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; color: blue;" lang="IT">Jacqueline</span><span style="" lang="IT"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="IT"><br>----------<br>
<br>
From: <span style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);">Jorge Potter</span>
<<a href="mailto:jorgepot@gmail.com">jorgepot@gmail.com</a>><br>
Subject: LL-L "Lexicon" 2008.10.03 (05) [D/E/German]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Dear Mark Brooks and other Lowlands
eager beavers,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">I'm sure this has been written up before
here, but nennyhow:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">When the 11th and 12th Century Norman overlords wanted <br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">porc</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">veau</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">boeuf</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">venaison</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">mouton</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">lambeau</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">chèvre </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
they had to translate into the Anglo-Saxon of the farmers who supplied them: <br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">porc
swin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">boeuf
neat, oxa, cu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">veau
cealf</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">venaison heorot
(M.E. dere)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">mouton
sceap</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">agneau
lamb</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="FR">chèvre
geiz</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">poule
cicen</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
Sorry, I don't have the middle French used by the Normans. I know "venaison" came
into use a century later, but it fits the pattern. They would have said
"cerf". And English speakers never have adopted chevre or poule.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Generally we use the French derived words
for the "supermarket meats" and Old English derived terms for the
beasts on the hoof.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Jorge Potter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
----------<br>
<br>
From: <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 96);">Mark Dreyer</span>
<<a href="mailto:mrdreyer@lantic.net">mrdreyer@lantic.net</a>><br>
Subject: LL-L "Lexicon" 2008.10.03 (02) [E]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Dear Ron:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Subject: LL-L - Lexicon</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">You close this letter with the question,
"Does language influence perception?" I'm sure it does; pointing out
with a note of levity, if it did not there would be no point in
diplomacy. What do they say about a diplomat? His job is to tell a man to
go to Hell in such a way that he looks forward to the trip.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">You moderate your language to influence the
perception of your conversant. On another front, it was George Orwell who
persuasively introduced the concept of 'Newspeak', a language in which it would
not be possible to talk treason. Literacy is exactly like numeracy, if a
tad more subtle.. If you do not have the symbol you cannot pass along the
concept. You may not necessarily (unless you were extremely alert) even notice
the lacuna. I am told the Japanese use the English word 'privacy' because no such
concept used to exist in the culture <b>or</b> the language, & until
introduced by Westerners, no such notion existed. Language surely does
influence perception.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">'From the ox onto the ass', lexical
enrichment surely depends largely on the kind of blending that occurred. Now
when more remotely related languages with little or no common lexicon blend,
one inevitably finds the daughter language's lexicon borrowed from both parent
languages, & usage of each term weighs differently according to the context
of the borrowing. On the other hand, with the blending of languages that are
more closely related, & which therefore have a high degree of shared words,
one finds that the terms unique to one or other falls away, leaving only
those found in both tongues. The result here,<b> provided</b> that
were the only mechanism in play, would lead to lexical impoverishment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(Pardon, Ron, Company, this is a pet issue
of mine). Now as I see it agglomerative blending occurred between Late Old
English & Early Norman-French. These tongues are not so close, & Modern
English betrays in its borrowings an acquired proclivity that starkly
illuminate the economic status from the kitchen-table to the dinner-table of
for (your example), such words as 'bullock', 'sheep', 'pig' & 'deer'
as against 'beef', 'mutton', 'pork' & 'venison'.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Ablative blending on the other hand happens
when more closely related languages are re-integrated. Afrikaans is one of
those languages born of ablative blending of many related Lowlands
languages & dialects. I discovered for myself, travelling through Europe,
that as long as the people were speaking simply, it was often perilously
easy to follow conversation in the streets between Austria
& the Netherlands.
However, when those who chose to do so tuned their style up a notch or so it
became considerably harder to follow. Your example of the 'cushion' &
'pillow' is a good one, & Afrikaans follows Low Saxon in this regard,
illustrating both blending processes in each distinct language.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Of course with the paucity of ore
(undifferentiated terminology) the ablative dialects must move back from the
'borrowing' to the 'engineering' of terms, & this is in my opinion the mark
of vibrant & creative language in an expanding culture. We use for example
'bromponie' = (rumble-pony) for an old-maid of an English word, 'moped',
or small motorcycle. This is not to be confused with the genuine 'powered
bicycle', properly called a 'help-my-trap' = (help-me-peddle). What is
that delightful Flemish word for a helicopter, something about a windmill?
It seems to me Scots does a whole lot of this 'engineering'. Ah, what a fine
string!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Yrs in great pleasure,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Mark. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
----------<br>
<br>
From: <span style="color: rgb(0, 131, 145);">Mike Morgan</span> <<a href="mailto:mwmosaka@gmail.com">mwmosaka@gmail.com</a>><br>
Subject: LL-L "Lexicon" 2008.10.03 (02) [E]<br>
<br>
And it is interesting that, whereas the "mixed languages" (in R/R'S<br>
sense of the term, not in the more standard linguistic terminological<br>
usage where Ma'a / Mbugu and Michif are mixed languages) go for<br>
lexical enrichment with independent, unrelated lexical items, the<br>
"unmixed language" (again in R/R's sense of the word) go for exactly<br>
the same strategy that we find in Pidgins and Creoles:<br>
e.g., Tok Pisin: skin = skin<br>
skin diwai = (tree) bark<br>
skin banana = banana peel<br>
skin pilo = pillow case<br>
skin pas = envelope<br>
<br>
This seems to be exactly parallel to the two examples from Germanic<br>
that R/R gives:<br>
> necessary in certain contexts. For instance, English has
"cushion" and<br>
> "pillow" where Low Saxon usually uses küssen (Küssen) for both
(German<br>
> Kissen, related to "cushion") and specifies kopküssen
(Koppküssen "head<br>
> cushion") for "pillow" only if necessary.<br>
...<br>
> If you<br>
> absolutely need to specify the idea of "petal" you would have to
say<br>
> bloydenblad (Blödenblatt, German Blütenblatt "blossom/bloom
leaf").<br>
<br>
English of course ALSO has hundreds of examples of this second method<br>
of lexical enrichment as well:<br>
melon <> water melon<br>
cheese <> cottage cheese (which is NOT a cheese in Russian, but a<br>
whole 'nother concept)<br>
mushroom <> enoki mushroom (enoki of course is NOT a subtype of<br>
mushroom in the Japanese conceptual system, but a separate entity ...<br>
albeit one related to mushrooms)<br>
...<br>
<br>
regards from Bombay<br>
<br>
Mike || </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">マイク</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">
|| </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">माईक</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">|| Мика || </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Shruti;" lang="GU">માઈક</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="GU"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">|| </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Sylfaen;">მაიქ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> || </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Raavi;" lang="PA">ਮਾਈਕ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="PA"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">|| </span><span dir="rtl" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HE">מייק</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span>
|| </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Latha;" lang="TA">மாஇக்</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
|| <span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA">ما یک</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> || Mihangel ================ Dr Michael W
Morgan Managing<br>
Director Ishara Foundation Mumbai (Bombay), India ++++++++++++++++<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">माईकल</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">मोर्गन</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">पी</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI">.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">एच</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI">.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">डी</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI">.) </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">मेनेजिंग</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">डॉयरेक्टर</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">ईशारा</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">फॉउंडेशन</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">मुंबई</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> )</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
++++++++++++++++ </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">茂流岸マイク</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">言語学博士</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">) </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">イシャラ基金の専務理事</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU;" lang="ZH-CN">・</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">事務局</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">長</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">ムンバイ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">ボンベイ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、インド</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
<br>
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<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>> <br>
Subject: Lexicon<br>
<br>
Thanks for all the goodies above, "guys"!<br>
<br>
Jacqueline, the difference in pluralization is very interesting to me, for it
seems that the semantic range of one word (<i>blad</i> 'leaf') was first
extended from "plant leaf" to include "leaf of paper". Obviously this happened
in other languages as well. However, the fact that different plural forms are
now used in Dutch, namely that there are separate morphological treatments,
indicates to me that Dutch has taken one step further by making the two
independent words. In other words, Dutch has made them into synonyms. This is
an interesting process. I wonder if in some Low Saxon dialects this happened
also, for the word <i>blad</i> has several possible plural forms (<i>bladen</i>,
<i>blade</i>, <i>blaë</i>, <i>bloeden</i>, <i>bloede</i>, <i>bloeë</i>, <i>bloed'</i>,
<i>bleder</i>). There's another twist: the extension "plant leaf" > "leaf of
paper" applies to Latin <i>folium</i> (<i>fŏlĭum</i>) as well! Now, before you
all go and claim that it was under Latin influence that Germanic languages
imported the extended meaning, let's bear in mind that <i>folium</i> in the
sense of "leaf of paper" applies only in <i>Late</i> Latin (added to earlier <i>plagula</i>,
<i>charta</i> and <i>schedula</i>). I don't know if this means Medieval Latin
or an earlier form. If it is Medieval Latin it would be theoretically possible
that the extension was imported from Germanic to Latin and not the other way
around.<br>
<br>
Mark, while on a related note, I meant </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">"Does
language influence perception?" with regard to a more fundamental level:<br></span></p>
<ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">If
in a given language two items have unrelated names (e.g. "cushion" vs
"pillow"), do speakers think of these items as unrelated?</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style=""></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">If
in a given language two items have related names (e.g. <i>Kissen</i> vs <i>(Kopf-)Kissen</i>),
do speakers think of these items as related or even as the same item with slight
variation?</span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
Of course, you might argue that this is a "chicken or egg" question, since
related naming usually presumes perceived relatedness to begin with. But I
am talking about us, those that carry on the linguistic heritage, come into
contact with each other and learn each other's languages, thereby are
confronted with apparent differences in perception.<br>
<br>
When in my earlier years I occasionally mixed up English "pillow" and
"cushion", native speakers thought it was absurd to even think of doing that.
It was similar with "pie", something with which I did not grow up and filed
away as a subcategory of "cake" (i.e., a "filled cake" being made with batter
and baked), which native speakers found absurd and funny, because to them they
shouldn't even be linked.<br>
<br>
These days I've been watching the development of an imported vegetable that has
been gaining popularity in the "West", mostly because of its reputed medicinal properties:<br>
<br>
Chinese: 苦瓜 (Mandarin kǔguā)<br>
Japanese: ツルレイシ, </span><span class="tnihongokanji"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="JA">蔓茘枝</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> (tsurureishi), 苦瓜 (nigauri) <br>
Okinawan: ゴーヤ (gōya)<br>
Korean: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">여주</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> (yôju)<a href="http://pam.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Japanese&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Help:Japanese (e pa makasulat)"></a><br>
Vietnamese: mướp đắng, khổ qua<br>
Thai: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Angsana New";" lang="TH">มะระจีน</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="TH"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">marajin), </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Angsana New";" lang="TH">มะระ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="TH"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">mara)<br>
Indonesian: peria<br>
Malay: pokok peria katak, ampong<br>
Tagalog: apalaya</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
Telugu: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="TE">కాకర (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">kākara)<br></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Bengali: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="BN">করলা (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">kôrolla)</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
Gujarati: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Shruti;" lang="GU">કારેલું</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="GU"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(kārelu</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ṃ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">)<br>
Hindi: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Mangal;" lang="HI">करेला</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="HI"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(karelā)<br>
Urdu: </span><span dir="rtl" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="AR-SA">کریلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(karelā)<br>
Farsi: </span><span dir="rtl" style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="AR-SA">کمبوزه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">(komboze)<br>
<br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Although the
exact origin of this tropical vegetable is unknown, here in North
America it is perceived as Asian, predominantly Chinese, secondarily
East and West Indian. I assume that it was Chinese traders that translated its name </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">into English
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">inappropriately as "bitter melon". The Chinese word</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: SimSun;"> 瓜</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> stands for the family of <i>Cucurbitaceae</i>,
including cucumbers, gourds, melons, pumpkins, luffas and watermelons. Chinese people using English
tend to use "melon" to refer to all of them, which is quite inaccurate. If this
particular vegetable has to be named with one name of the family it would have to
be "gourd" or "cucumber", certainly because of its shape, flesh and seeds. Some
people <i>are</i> trying to remedy this by insisting on calling it "bitter gourd".
But it seems to be a losing battle. Granted, this vegetable is an acquired taste,
being quite bitter. (You need to know how to prepare it.) What I have observed is
that people that try it for the first time tend to be horrified if they are not
"mentally prepped" but expect a certain taste because of the name "melon". They
like to tell horror stories about it and thus deter others from trying it. I bet that
the vegetable would be more successful in the Western market if it were called "bitter
gourd" or "bitter cucumber", for this would influence associations and expectations.<br><br>What's in a name, huh?<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
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