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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 21 October 2008 - Volume 01<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><br>
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<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">E Zinsser</span></span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:ezinsser@icon.co.za">ezinsser@icon.co.za</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Etymology" 2008.10.20 (09) [E]</span><br>
<br>
Hi all,<br>
<br>
Lucas, in Afrikaans we also have 'verdwyn' - 'to
disappear'. <br>
<br>
I've always found Chaucer (but also middle high German writings)
easily understood because of my knowledge of Afrikaans.<br>
<br>
Elsie Zinsser<br>
<br>
----------<br>
<br>
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Etymology<br>
<br>
Luke <i>et al.</i>,<br>
<br>
Last night you and I wrote:<br><br></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Luke: Is it the case then that English just tends to put a (intrusive) homorganic
(voiced) stop after a nasal, and before the frequentive 'l'? Like
'crumb', 'crumble' (the 'b' only being in the noun by analogy)? I guess I
just noticed that.</span><br style=""></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Ron: I think
you're right, Luke. If we really tried to we could probably come up with a list
of examples.<br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Ron: Take
for instance </span><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tumble</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, a frequentive derivative of Old English </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tumb-</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
(</span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tumbian</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">) 'to dance about'; related to German </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tumelen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> > </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">taumeln</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
'to reel', </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tummeln</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'to mill about', Dutch </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tuimelen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'to tumble',
Low Saxon </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tummeln</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> ~ </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">tümmeln</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'to mill about'. Since German has
both a short and a long variant and Dutch has one with a long vowel (u >
ui), I believe that there was no </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">b</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> there to begin with.</span></span><br style=""></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.0866in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">But wait! There's more.<br>
<br>
<b>mumble</b> < <i>mum</i> 'to do secretly or in disguise'; cf. Low Saxon <i>mümmeln</i><br>
<br>
<b>fumble</b> < ?, cf. Dutch <i>fommelen</i>, Low Saxon <i>fummelen</i> >
<i>fummeln</i> > German <i>fummeln</i><br>
<br>
<b>stumble</b> < Germanic *<i>stam-</i>; cf. "stammer", German <i>stumm</i> 'silent'
< 'dumb'<br>
<br>
<b>bumble</b> < ?; cf. German, Low Saxon <i>bummeln </i>'to stroll', 'to tarry'<br>
<br>
<b>bramble</b> < Old English <i>bræmbel </i><<i> bræmel </i>< Germanic
*<i>bræmaz</i> 'thorny bush' > "broom"; cf. Dutch <i>braam</i>, Low Saxon <i>Braam</i>
'Scotch broom', Low Saxon <i>Brummelbeer</i> ~ <i>Brommelbeer</i> ~ <i>Brammelbeer</i>,
German <i>Brombeere</i> 'blackberry', Low Saxon <i>Brummeldoorn</i> ~ <i>Brommeldoorn</i>
~ <i>Brammeldoorn</i> 'bramble'<br>
<br>
<b>gamble</b> < Middle English <i>gammlen</i> < Old English <i>gamen</i> 'play',
'amusement' > "game"; cf. Old German <i>gaman</i>, Old Norse<i> gaman</i>, Old
Frisian <i>game</i> 'joy', 'glee'<br>
<br>
And here's an interesting one that is usually considered of obscure origin:<br>
<br>
<b>kindle</b><br>
I connect it with Low Saxon</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><i> Kien</i> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">and German <i>Kien</i> (> <i>Kienholz</i>) 'kindling' < 'small, split-off
piece of wood'; cf. Old English <i>cēn</i>; cf. <i>cīnan</i> 'to split' (intr.); it then underwent semantic expansion to "to kindle" in the sense of "to light (fire)", hence "kindling" being wood for starting fire.<br>
<br>
This one would be another case that shows that vowel shortening is required in the
use of frequentive <i>l</i> and intrusive <i>d</i>.<br>
<br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>
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