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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 09 January 2009 - Volume 04<br>
-------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);"><a href="mailto:RBlaustein@aol.com">RBlaustein@aol.com</a></span></span></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Language help" 2009.01.09 (03)
[E/LS]</span><br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Geneva; color: black;">Dear Lowlanders, <br>
<br>
I am not a technically trained linguist but rather a folklorist living and
working in the Southern Appalachian mountains of East Tennessee, so please
excuse my simplistic response to this thread: <br>
<br>
As I understand it, "het" in Dutch is the same as "the" or
"it" in modern standard English, depending upon how it is used in a
sentence. <br>
<br>
"Het" has also survived in Scottish childrens' street game chants, as
in "...one-two-three, you are <i>het.</i> " <br>
<br>
"Het" is closely historically related to "hit" which
is found in Chaucer's Middle English and can still be heard today in
Appalachian English, though "hit" for "it" is considered an
incorrect, stigmatizing substandard usage by Appalachian people aspiring to
middle-class respectability. <br>
<br>
One of the founders and leaders of the Appalachian Studies movement in
the United States, <br>
the late Cratis Williams (1911-85), a native of rural Eastern
Kentucky, was fourteen years old when a high school teacher
humiliated him before his classmates during an oral presentation in a
freshman English class. In their introduction <u>to The Cratis Williams
Chronicles: I Come To Boone,</u> his son David Cratis Williams and cultural
anthropologist Patricia Beaver reproduce Cratis' first-hand account of this
emotionally devastating incident in his own words: <br>
<br>
"But as he began his story Miss Roberts
interrupted and requested that he repeat the sentence he had just spoken:<br>
<br>
<i>"Hit was a-gittin' 'way up in the day," I
responded.<br>
The town girls restrained giggles.<br>
"Say it again," Miss Roberts commanded.<br>
"Hit was get</i><u>ting </u>way up in the day," I
repeated. <br>
<br>
The town girls, now unrestrained, laughed outright. I could feel my face
flaming as Miss Roberts asked me to say it again.<br>
<br>
"Hit was getting away up in the day, " I almost shouted.<br>
<br>
The town girls, now joined by many of the country children, laughed louder and
longer.<br>
<br>
"<u>It</u>, not <u>hit</u>," Miss Roberts corrected.<br>
<br>
<i>At that,</i> <i>"the country children laughed uproariously while the town
girls merely smiled at Miss Roberts as she looked in their direction." </i>(Williams
and Beaver 1999: v-vi)<br>
<br>
As Bill Best,another pioneer in the Appalachian
Studies movement , comments :"Unfortunately such degrading experiences
rarely inspire a youngster to go forward in his own self-development."
(1999: 14-15) One of Best's friends took elocution lessons from a private tutor
for eight years, only to discover that "he had traded a Kentucky
accent for an Ohio
accent. Such experiences probably inspired him to become a leader in the newly
emerging field of Appalachian Studies." (1999:
15). <br>
<br>
As it turns out, there are some interesting connections to be drawn between
historical linguistics,<br>
contemporary linguistic colonialism, and language politics!<br>
<br>
All the best,<br>
<br>
Richard Blaustein </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
<br>
----------<br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Henno
Brandsma</span></span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl">hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Language help" 2009.01.09 (03)
[E/LS]</span><br style="">
<br style="">
<span style="color: black;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">From:
Ivison dos Passos Martins <<a href="mailto:ipm7d@OI.COM.BR" target="_blank">ipm7d@OI.COM.BR</a>><br>
Subject: Grammar<br>
<br>
Hallo,<br>
<br>
I'd like to know more about Duch "het". Did the Dutch language<br>
use "dat" like German "das"? I hear that the word het is
very close to the<br>
English "it".<br>
Thanks for your attention,<br>
<br>
God bless,<br>
<br>
Ivison.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Most of the
time this is just pronounced [@t], BTW. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">"het"
is a coastal (ingvaeonic) word, from "hit" in older texts. Old
Frisian has "hit" as well.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">I believe
that this is only pronominal originally, and later extended to the use as
article, where </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">"that"
(dat) was used before. Old Frisian had "thet" (and modern East
Frisian and North Frisian have descendents of this, mostly)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">for the
article form. "hit" is part of the "h-" ingveaonic family
that also includes "he/hij/hy", "his" (English) and
"hja" for she (Frisian).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Henno</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
----------<br>
<br>
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Language help<br>
<br>
Hi, Ívison!<br>
<br>
Low Saxon (being one branch of Low German) originally used <i>it</i> or <i>et</i>
where <i>het</i> is used in Dutch (a member of the other Low German branch: Low
Frankish). <br>
<br>
Some Low Saxon dialects still use <i>it</i> and <i>et</i> that way, both as the
neuter gender personal pronoun and as the neuter gender article; e.g.<br>
<br>
<i>Kööp <u>it</u> later!</i><br>
Buy <u>it</u> later!<br>
[Dutch: <i>Koop <u>het</u> later!</i>]<br>
[German: <i>Kaufe <u>es</u> später!</i>]<br>
<br>
<i>Ik heff <u>it</u> Book köfft.<br>
</i>I have bought <u>the</u> book.<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="DE">[Dutch: <i>Ik heb <u>het</u> boek gekocht.</i>]<br>
[German: <i>Ich habe <u>das</u> Buch gekauft.</i>]<br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">In most Northern Low
Saxon dialects, however, <i>it</i> ~ <i>et</i> has been replaced with <i>dat</i>,
which used to be used only as the neuter gender demonstrative pronoun like its
English cognate <i>that</i>.<br>
<br>
<i>Kööp <u>dat</u> later!</i><br>
Buy <u>it</u> later!<br>
[Dutch: <i>Koop <u>het</u> later!</i>]<br>
[German: <i>Kaufe <u>es</u> später!</i>]<br>
<br>
<i>Ik heff <u>dat</u> Book köfft.<br>
</i>I have bought <u>the</u> book.<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="DE">[Dutch: <i>Ik heb <u>het</u> boek gekocht.</i>]<br>
[German: <i>Ich habe <u>das</u> Buch gekauft.</i>]<br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">To differentiate this <i>dat</i>
from the demonstrative <i>dat</i> you either change the intonation (i.e. emphasize
the demonstrative <i>dat</i>) or use another word or word combination in place
of demonstrative <i>dat</i>, such as <i>dat daar</i> ("that there", <i>dat Book
daar</i> ~ <i>dat daar Book</i>).<br><br>Due to Low Saxon substrata, it is typical of Missingsch and of casual Northern German dialects to used <i>das</i> instead of <i>es</i> (<i>Kauf das </i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><i>später!</i>).</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>