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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 12 January 2009 - Volume 04<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Diederik Masure</span></span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:didimasure@hotmail.com">didimasure@hotmail.com</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Etymology" 2009.01.11 (10) [E]</span><br>
<br>
To Ron´s pretty complete summary I´d like to add that in many Northern Dutch
dialects, as well as in Frisian (where the spelling difference ´kenne´to know
and ´kinne´ can, no longer represent a difference in pronunciation), fell
together or at least in most forms. People from Holland or even Noord Brabant
can be heard saying things like ´hij ken het niet´ for hij kan het niet (er
kann es nicht). </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="NL">Or in past tense, "hij kon haar" instead of hij
kende haar (er kennte ihr). <br>
Diederik Masure<br>
<br>
----------<br>
<br>
From: <span class="ep8xu"><span><span style="color: rgb(91, 16, 148);">Henno Brandsma</span></span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl">hennobrandsma@hetnet.nl</a>></span><br>
Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Etymology" 2009.01.11 (10) [E]</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="NL">Hoi Ron en oaren!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="NL"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">></span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
Subject: Etymology</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
Marlou,</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
German </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kennen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (to know), </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">können</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (to be able
(to), to be proficient (in)), </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Kunde</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (information, knowledge,
news) and </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Kunst</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (art) are all related with each other.</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
Apparently, </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kennen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (< </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">chennan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old Saxon </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kennian</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">,
Old Frisian </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kanna</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old English </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">cennan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old
Frankish </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kennen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old Norse </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunna</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kenn-</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">,
Gothic </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kannjan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">) originally meant 'to make known'.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">It
Sealtersk en it Noardfrysk deels ek (at it my goed heucht) hewwe de foarm dy't
weromgjit op "kanna", yn it Seeltersk "konne", mei de
Eastfryske rûning fan a nei o foar noaslûden. Mooring het (leau'k)
"kååne".<br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">As such, </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kennen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> began as the
causative form of </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">können</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, originally meaning 'to know', 'to
understand', 'to be mentally able (to)' (< </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunnan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old
Saxon </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunnan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old Frisian </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunna</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Old English </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">cunnan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">,
Old Norse </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunna</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, Gothic </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunnan</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">).</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Yn it
Westerlauersk binne beide gearfallen yn "kinne" ( < kenna, de te
ferwachtsjen ûntrûne foarm fan "*könna). </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="DE">Ek yn in protte
Hollânske dialekten wurdt altyd "kenne" sein.<br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Derived from the </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">können</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> group
is </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Kunde</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> in the sense of 'information', 'knowledge',
'news', </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kund</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'known', </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kundig</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> '</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">versed',
'knowledgeable',</span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kündigen</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'to give notice' (originally 'to make
known'), also </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Kunde</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'customer' (originally 'acquaintance'),
and, yes, </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Kunst</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, originally meaning 'knowledge', 'wisdom',
'proficiency'.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">ferl
Nederlânsk "aankondigen". WF het no it Hollannisme
"oankundigje", mar earder het it in foarm "kaaie" hân, dy't
in ieu ferlyn noch yn dialekten te finen wie mei de spesialisearre betsjutting
omsizze (= by de doarren by lâns gean yn in doarp om te sizzen dat ien ferstoarn
is). Sjuch in artikel fan Arjen Versloot oer de Aldfryske "e:" yn in
âld nûmer fan It Beaken. Dit komt nei alle gedachten út Aldfrysk
"ke:tha" < "kuthia", fan de ûnder neamde stam
"kuth", mei ûntrûning. Dat de th ynterfokalysk in "j" (i)
wurdt komt faker foar, byg. baaie (= to bathe).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br style="">
</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Incidentally, English </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">uncouth</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> originally
meant 'unknown', hence 'not conventional' and in extension 'socially
unacceptable'. Scots and some English dialects retain the opposite: </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">couth</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">. </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">
This word is the cognate of German </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kund</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> and belongs to the
group of words in which /n/ before a voiced fricative was "deleted",
actually resulted in lengthening of the preceding vowel. So, </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">couth</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> used
to be *</span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kunð</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> before it became </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kūð</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">. This is an Ingveonic
feature, hence also Old Frisian </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kūth</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">. Low Saxon is of mixed type
which is why some dialects have </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">uns</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> and other dialects
have </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">us</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> 'us'. Old Saxon, too, has </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kūth</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">, but Modern
Low Saxon, probably due to German influence, has </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kund</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (besides </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">künnig</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">).
Had </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kūth</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> survived we would now have *</span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kuud</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> instead
of</span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">kund</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Groetnis,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Henno
Brandsma</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
----------<br>
<br>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Etymology<br>
<br>
Hoi, beste Henno, en ek lokkich Neijier!</span></span><br>
<br>
Folks, I should have made it more explicit that English has somewhat archaic "ken" as
a nominal cognate of <i>kennen</i>. (It is only preserved in idiomatic phrases.) In Scots, <i>ken</i> is the ordinary word
for "know", also for the verb. <i>Ken</i> and <i>can</i> are thus relatives.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>