<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRon%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:宋体;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@SimSun";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"TimesGerman\,Italic";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;}
span.hccdpe
{mso-style-name:hccdpe;}
span.ep8xu
{mso-style-name:ep8xu;}
span.ldacoc
{mso-style-name:ldacoc;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">===========================================</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="PT-BR">L
O W L A N D S - L - 02 March 2009 - Volume 04</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">===========================================</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">From: <span class="ep8xu"><span style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Mike
Morgan</span></span><span class="hccdpe"> </span><span class="ldacoc"><<a href="mailto:mwmosaka@gmail.com">mwmosaka@gmail.com</a>></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Subject: <span class="hccdpe">LL-L "Etymology"
2009.03.02 (01) [E]</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">R/R
replied:<br style="">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">the Balto-Finnic languages are interesting sources of early
Germanic loans, such as Finnish <i>kuningas</i> (< <i>kuningaz, </i>king)</span><br style=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">
<br style="">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">And, of
course, those very same Олег and Глеб were called /k"njaz/' кънязь
< <em><span style="font-family: Arial;">kuningaz</span></em> in (Old)
Russian. The devleopement is almost perfectly regular:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">/ja/ <
front mid-low nasal < high front nasa < in</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">final z'
< /g/ plus a short high FRONT vowel (with loss of final consonant) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">* but note:
NOT the /-az/ as in the Germanic form R/R gives. Not sure if this represents a
dialect variation in German, a "lost in translation" loand (maybe via
soem Balto-Finnic), or the Scandinavian -az > -r with "front"
timbre?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
----------<br>
<br>
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>
<br>
Subject: Etymology<br>
<br>
As far as I am aware, Mike, the masculine ending <i>-Vz</i> competed with <i>-(V)r</i>
in other early Germanic varieties -- the old <i>-z</i> ~ <i>-r</i> variation as
in Dutch <i>verlie<u>z</u>en</i> vs German <i>verlie<u>r</u>en</i> 'to lose',
and Low Saxon <i>fre<u>s</u>en</i> ~ <i>fre<u>r</u>en</i>, cf. English
"free<u>z</u>e" vs German <i>frie<u>r</u>en</i>.<br>
<br>
The ending, which in Gothic was devoiced to <i>-(V)s</i> and in other Nordic
varieties became <i>-(V)r</i>, is regularly reconstructed as *<i>(V)z</i> in
Proto-Germanic, as in <i>*kuniz</i> 'genealogical line', 'chieftain'. I
understand that all this is related to Latin <i>-us</i>, Greek <i>-os</i> and
Baltic <i>-as</i> ~ <i>-is</i> ~ <i>-s</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Note also Old Prussian <i>kunnegs</i>
vs Old Norse <i>konungr ~ kongr ~ kungr</i> 'king' < from *<i>kun</i>, cf.
Greek <i>γένοσ</i> (<i>génos</i>), Lithuanian <i>gentis</i>, Latvian <i>ģints</i>,
'genealogical line', 'clan', 'tribe'.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><br>
MM:</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">And, of
course, those very same Олег and Глеб were called /k"njaz/' кънязь
< </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-family: Arial;">kuningaz</span></em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> in (Old)
Russian.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">And Latvian <i>kungs</i>, Lower
Sorbian <i>kněz</i>, Upper Sorbian <i>knjez</i>, all 'mister', 'sir'. (I always
thought that the latter came from a Germanic word corresponding to
"knight" and <i>Knecht</i>.)<br>
<br>
Another Old Germanic loan in Finnic: Finnish <i>leipä</i>, Estonian <i>leib</i>,
Veps <i>leib, liib</i>, Sami <i>láibi </i>'bread'; cf. Germanic *<i>hlaiba(z)</i>,
Gothic <i>hlaifs</i>, Old Norse <i>hleifr</i>, Old German <i>leib</i> (> <i>Laib</i>),
Old English <i>hlāf</i> (> "loaf"), Old Frisian <i>hlêf</i>. The Germanic
cognates mentioned here all used to mean 'bread' as well as 'loaf'.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>
Seattle, USA</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesGerman,Italic";"></span></p>
<p>
==============================END===================================
<p>
* Please submit postings to lowlands-l@listserv.linguistlist.org.
<p>
* Postings will be displayed unedited in digest form.
<p>
* Please display only the relevant parts of quotes in your replies.
<p>
* Commands for automated functions (including "signoff lowlands-l")
<p>
are to be sent to listserv@listserv.linguistlist.org or at
<p>
http://linguistlist.org/subscribing/sub-lowlands-l.html.
<p>
*********************************************************************