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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="PT-BR">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 07 March 2009 - Volume 06<br>
===========================================</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>
<br>
Subject: Music<br>
<br>
I wrote about bagpipes and possibly related musical instruments within a
Eurasian context. (Please see at the end.)<br>
<br>
I should have added to the part about musical instruments with fixed air
chambers a fairly well-known instrument of India: the <i>pūngi</i> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="HI">पून्गि</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">), which is also known as <i>bīn</i>
or "bee</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">n" (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="HI">बीन</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">). It is the
stereotypical Indian snake charmers' instrument:<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlangenbeschw%C3%B6rer-Delhi-1973.jpg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlangenbeschw%C3%B6rer-Delhi-1973.jpg</a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beeninstrument.jpg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beeninstrument.jpg</a><br>
<br>
There is clearly a link between the mentioned instruments of China and probably also one with those of Europe.<br>
<br>
This instrument is considered the ancestor of the shehnai or shahnai (Hindi,
Marathi<i> sanaī</i> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="HI">सनई</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tamil <i>chorēy</i>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="TA">செனாய்</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, Telugu <i>vehasāy</i>
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="TE">షెహనాయ్</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">):<br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shehnai.jpg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shehnai.jpg</a><br>
<br>
This is related to the following, widely assumed to be Persian-derived:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Arabic: zamr
<span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA">زمر</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span>, surna </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA">سورنا</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Armenian: zurna
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">զուրնա</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Batak: sarune</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Burmese: hne`
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="MY">နးဧ့်</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Dayak:
serunai</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Javanese:
sruni</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Khmer:
sralai </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="KHM">ស្ៃឡេ</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Macedonian:
zurla зурла</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Malay:
sernai</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mandarin:
suona </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">嗩吶</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Persian:
surnay <span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA">سورناى</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span>, sorna <span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA">سورنا</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Turkish: zurna</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Uyghur: sunay
<span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA">سۇناي</span> сунай</span></p><p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Uzbek: surnay
сурнай<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>
Seattle, USA</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
***<br><br>Second posting:<br>
<br>
I wrote about bagpipes and related musical instruments in Medieval
Saxon-speaking areas, and I mentioned the following:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: navy;">Apparently, a <i>platerspil</i> (Middle German <i>blaturspil</i>)
is a much smaller type of pipe, consisting of a wooden mouthpiece and the main
part of the flute with play holes, both attached to a bladder (<i>plater</i>, <i>blatur</i>)
as sack.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: navy;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: navy;">Please see here:<br>
<a href="http://www.lutherschauspiel.de/index.php?id=26">http://www.lutherschauspiel.de/index.php?id=26</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: navy;"><a href="http://www.u-roming.de/camerata/platerspil.html">http://www.u-roming.de/camerata/platerspil.html</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: navy;"><a href="http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/16th/LUSMUS_07GF.gif">http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/16th/LUSMUS_07GF.gif</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It seems to
me that there are remarkable and perhaps not coincidental similarities between
this instrument and the <i>huluxiao</i> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">葫蘆簫</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) or <i>hulusi</i> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">葫蘆絲</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) of China. </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hulusi&file=Hulusi_1">http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hulusi&file=Hulusi_1</a></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hulusi&file=Hulusi_2">http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hulusi&file=Hulusi_2</a></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While the <i>platerspil</i>
uses a bladder as an air chamber, the <i>huluxiao</i> ~ <i>hulusi</i> uses a
gourd for the same purpose. The latter can have one or more pipes, while the
former has only one. (The type of gourd itself is of non-Chinese origin as its
name with <i>hú</i> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">葫</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) suggests.)<br>
<br>
The flexible air chamber (bladder) of the <i>platerspil</i> may well have led
to the development of the inflexible air chamber of the <i>huluxiao</i> ~ <i>hulusi</i>
as well as to the development of a larger, squeezable air chamber as in the
bagpipe family. I have a hunch that we are dealing with cross-Eurasia
technology (as in so many other cases).<br>
<br>
The <i>huluxiao</i> ~ <i>hulusi</i> is a "barbarian" instrument, i.e.
is not an invention of China's
dominant Han (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">漢</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) ethnicity. Relatives of it are
played traditionally among various ethnic groups of Southern
China and in neighboring countries (some of which have been
absorbed among the Han). Its air chamber is not unlike that of the <i>hujia</i>
(</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">胡笳</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">), an instrument associated with "northern
barbarians", specifically with the Xiongnu (<i>Hsiung-nu</i>, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">匈奴</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">), the eastern branch of the Huns that kept biting at
China's ankles for quite some time while its western branch kept biting at
Europe's ankles. Descendants of the <i>hujia</i> are still being played in Northern China, also in part among ethnic minorities.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hujia&file=Hujia_1">http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hujia&file=Hujia_1</a><br>
<a href="http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hujia&file=Hujia_2">http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hujia&file=Hujia_2</a><br>
<a href="http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hujia&file=Hujia_3">http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Wind&inst=Hujia&file=Hujia_3</a><br>
(read "Altai" instead of "Altair")<br>
<br>
As you can see, aside from the air chamber, the <i>hujia</i> resembles an oboe
or shawm. You can see a musician playing it on camelback in a sculpture of the
Tang dynasty (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ZH-CN">唐朝</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, 618-907), a time when China was
teaming with foreigners:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Intro&file=Intro_11">http://www.chineseinstruments.org/page.php?type=Intro&file=Intro_11</a></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
European Renaissance shawm has an air chamber also, albeit a perforated one,
and there are medieval ancestors of this instrument:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/renshawm.htm">http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/renshawm.htm</a></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>
Seattle, USA<br><br>***<br>First posting:<br><br></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Low Saxon <i>Dudelsack</i> for 'bagpipe' is most likely a fairly recent German loanword. <br>
<br>
Hanne cites synonyms:</span>
</p><p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Syn.: </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Dudei, Hämelken, Hümmelken, Lullekendei, -pip,
Pipenbuck, Pipsack.</i></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Dudei</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> is most likely a Slavic loanword,
while the others are probably native, except that <i>–buck</i> (billie-goat)
may be a German calque which is associated with the Slavic <i>duda</i> ~ <i>dudy</i>.<br>
<br>
In Middle Saxon ("Middle Low German"):<br>
</span></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">pipsack ~ pypsak</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"><span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE">platerspil ~ platerspyel</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"><br>
Middel German glossing: <i>ein pfeiff mit secklin, sackpfiffe, pfiffenspil,
blaturspil</i></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">lollikenpipe ~ lolikenpype</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br>
apparently from <i>lollen</i> or <i>lolliken</i> 'to sing softly', probably
related to English 'to lull'<br>
(cf. <i>lollbroder</i> "lull brother" monk of an order that cares for
the sick in hospices)</span></li><li><span dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ruysch-pype<br></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">from <i>ruschen</i> ~ <i>ruyschen</i> 'to whoosh', 'to hiss'</span><br>
</li></ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Words for
bagpipes in a Pomeranian chronicle in Middle Saxon:<b><br>
</b></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE">Disse was so gecleidet, de ander anders; itzt qwam einer mit
<u>platerspil</u> alse de barenleider plegen tho hebben, denn qwam dar einer
mit einer <u>lollikenpipen</u> edder mit einer gantzen tzegenhut, de alse eine <u>sackpipe</u>
was.<br>
</span></i></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">My
translation: <br>"One was dressed thusly, another differently; now one came
with (a) <i>platerspil</i> as bear trainers tend to have, then one came with a <i>lollikenpipe</i>
or with a whole goat's skin which was a <i>sackpipe</i>."</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Middle Dutch reference: <i><br>up den doedelsak spelen, zoo
als de berenleiders, om de beren te doen dansen</i> <br>(my translation: to play the bagpipes as do bear trainers in order to make bears dance)<br></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE">Schiller, Karl: Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch / von
Karl Schiller und August Lübben. - Bremen : Kühtmann [u.a.]. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1 (1875) - 6 (1881)</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Lollikenpipe,
sackpipe</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> and <i>ruysch-pype</i>
appear to denote the same instrument. Because of the reference to a whole
goat's skin I suspect it is the larger type of instrument.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Apparently,
a <i>platerspil</i> (Middle German <i>blaturspil</i>) is a much smaller type of
pipe, consisting of a wooden mouthpiece and the separate main part of the flute with
play holes, both attached to a bladder (<i>plater</i>, <i>blatur</i>) as sack.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Please see
here:<br>
<a href="http://www.lutherschauspiel.de/index.php?id=26" target="_blank">http://www.lutherschauspiel.de/index.php?id=26</a></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.u-roming.de/camerata/platerspil.html" target="_blank">http://www.u-roming.de/camerata/platerspil.html</a></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE"><a href="http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/16th/LUSMUS_07GF.gif" target="_blank">http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/16th/LUSMUS_07GF.gif</a><br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>
Seattle, USA</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p>
==============================END===================================
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