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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="PT-BR">===========================================<br>
L O W L A N D S - L - 06 April 2009 - Volume 01<br>
===========================================</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">From: R. F.
Hahn <</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT"><a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-US">sassisch@yahoo.com</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">> <br>
Subject: Etymology<br>
<br>
Dear Lowlanders,<br>
<br>
Not long ago we briefly discussed early Germanic and also Middle Saxon and Low Saxon
loanwords in Balto-Finnic languages, a language group that belongs to the Uralic
family. As usual, the focus was on the most easily accessible Finnic languages:
Finnish (<i>suomen kieli</i>) and Estonian (<i>eesti keel</i>), though I always
try to look farther afield, even beyond Karelian (<i>karjalan kieli</i>) which some
consider a Finnish dialect group.<br>
<br>
I did mention Livonian (<i>līvõ kēļ</i>), a Balto-Finnic language used in coastal
Latvia,
a country dominated by the Baltic Latvian language. Livonian has not only numerous
Baltic loans and some early Germanic loans, but it has so many Saxon loans that
it warrants a separate investigation.<br>
<br>
I also mentioned and today will focus on Veps (or Vepsian) and Votic, two Balto-Finnic
languages used by small remnants of communities in far-western Russia. Data from
the moribund Ingrian ~ Izhorian language (<i>ižor(k)an keeli ~ kiili</i>) are hard
to come by.<br>
<br>
Only about 5-6 thousand speakers of Veps (<i>vepsan kel’</i>) remain these days.
In recent times, the language area stretched between Lake Onega
to the southern part of St. Petersburg.<br>
<br>
Moribund if in the meantime not extinct is Votic (<i>vađđaa ceeli</i>). Its last
recorded area was Krakolye and Luzhitsy, two villages in Kingisepp district, Leningrad
Oblast’. Its area used to be much larger in a region northeast of Narva.
Speakers of the northern dialects used to call themselves <i>lüüdi</i>, probably
related to an Indo-European group of words for ‘people’ (e.g. Low Saxon <i>L</i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>üde > L</i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>ü</i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>üd'</i>,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> German <i>Leute</i>,
Russian <i>ljudi </i>люди).<br><br>Please bear in mind that most of the region that now constitutes farwestern Russia used to be Finnic-dominated.<br><br>Please also bear in mind that at least early Finnic phonology had no (initial) consonant clusters, no /f/ and no voiced stops.<br>
<br>
Abbreviations: Eng.=English,
Est.=Estonian, Fin.=Finnish, Kar.=Karelian, Liv.=Livonian, Ltv.=Latvian, Vep.=Veps,
Vot.=Votic</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">VEPS</span></b></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT">bard</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT"> : beard<br>
cf. Kar. <i>parta</i>, <i>pardu</i>, Fin. <i>parta</i>; Ltv. <i>bārda</i>; Germanic
*<i>barda(z)</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">flag</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : flag<br>
cf. Liv. <i>plagā</i>; Middle Saxon <i>vlagge > Flagg</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">habuk</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : hawk<br>
cf. Kar. <i>haukku</i>, Fin. <i>haukka</i>; Germanic *<i>habuka(z)</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">kana</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> (kan-) : chicken<br>
cf. Vot., Kar., Fin. <i>kana</i>, Liv. <i>kanā</i>; Germanic *<i>hana</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">kuld</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : gold<br>
cf. Kar., Fin. <i>kulta</i>, Liv. <i>kuldi</i>; Germanic *<i>gulþa</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">lambaz</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> (lamb-) : lamb<br>
cf. Liv. <i>lāmbaz</i>, Vot. <i>lammaz</i>, Kar., Fin. Est. <i>lammas</i>, Est.<i>
lamba</i>; Germanic *<i>lamba(z)</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">leib</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> ~ <b>liib</b> : bread<br>
cf. Kar., Fin. <i>leipä</i>, Est. <i>leib</i>, Liv. <i>lēba</i>; Germanic *<i>hlaiba</i>
(e.g. English <i>loaf</i>)<i>;</i> Slavonic *<i>xl’eb”</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">pada</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> (pad-) : pot (?)<br>
cf. Liv. <i>poţa</i>; Ltv. <i>pods</i>; Germanic *<i>putta</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">pöud</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : field<br>
cf. Vot. <i>põlto</i>, Kar. <i>peldo</i>, Fin. <i>pelto</i>; Germanic *<i>felþa</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR">raud</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR"> : iron (metal) (?)<br>
cf. Kar. Fin. <i>rauta</i>, Vot., Est. <i>raud</i>; Germanic *<i>lauda</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR">runo</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR"> : poem (?)<br>
cf. Germanic *<i>runō</i> ‘secret’, ‘(secret) counsel’, ‘letter’</span></li></ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR">VOTIC</span></b></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR">frovva</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR"> : lady; Mrs.<br>
cf. Fin. <i>rouva, Est. proua</i>; Germanic *<i>frōwo</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">kana</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : hen<br>
cf. Vot., Kar., Fin. <i>kana</i>, Liv. <i>kanā</i>; Germanic *<i>hana</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">kattila</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : kettle<br>
cf. Fin. <i>kattila</i>, Est. <i>katel</i>, Liv. <i>kaţļā</i>; Ltv. <i>katls</i>;
Germanic *<i>katila(z)</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA">lammaz</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DA"> : sheep<br>
cf. Liv. <i>lāmbaz</i>, Vep. <i>lambaz</i>, Kar., Fin. Est. <i>lammas</i>, Est.<i>
lamba</i>; Germanic *<i>lamba(z)</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">lusti</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> : pretty; fine (?)<br>
cf. Low Saxon <i>lustig</i> ‘funny’, ‘enjoyable’</span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">merkki</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> : mark; sign; signal<br>
cf.; Germanic *<i>marka</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">põlto</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> : field <br>
cf. Vep. <i>pöud</i>, Kar. <i>peldo</i>, Fin. <i>pelto</i>; Germanic *<i>felþa</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">püsü</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> : gun<br>
cf. Fin. <i>pyssy</i>, Est. <i>püss</i>; cf. Saxon <i>büks</i> > <i>büss</i>
(rel. to “box”)</span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR">rauta</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR"> : iron (?)<br>
cf. Kar. Fin. <i>rauta</i>, Vep., Est. <i>raud</i>; Germanic *<i>lauda</i></span></li><li><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR">tupa</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="FR"> : chamber (?)<br>
cf. Liv. <i>tubā</i>, Low Saxon <i>Stuve</i> ~ <i>Stube > Stuuv’</i>, Eng. <i>stove</i>;
Germanic *<i>stubō</i></span></li></ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Your input would be appreciated.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>
Seattle, USA</span></p>
<p>
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