<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===========================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 25 July 2009 - Volume 02<br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands@lowlands-l.net">lowlands@lowlands-l.net</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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===========================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI"><span class="gD" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);"><a href="mailto:bsu295@bangor.ac.uk">bsu295@bangor.ac.uk</a></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI">LL-L "Language history" 2009.07.24 (03) [EN]<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">T'reet Sandy,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
How do? I remember looking this same thing up a couple of years as most
if not allof the traditional Northern Dialects, from at least the
bottom of lancashire (manchester) and Yorkshire up, say the same thing,
i.e. the 'eet' insteadof the 'ight' of standard and Southern English. I
can't quite remember what I came to learn however. Although I think is
was a scandanavian thing, or perhaps thought to be older more original
way of saying it (if that is even truely possible). I have a feeling I
learnt it on either the Lancastrian dialect or Northumbrian dialect
society web site. I shall endevour to find out where and wha it said. I
shall let you know when I know. Oh the scandanavian thing maybe true as
all the 6 historic counties in the north were major Norsk settlements,
so that may be true.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Gregg Ashcroft</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">From: Dan Prohaska <<a href="mailto:daniel@ryan-prohaska.com" target="_blank">daniel@ryan-prohaska.com</a>></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Subject: LL-L "Language
history" [EN]</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Sandy</span><span style="color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">, </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">You asked: “</span><i><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Was the 'reet, neet, nowt' imported
from Scandinavia or is it merely phonetic
shift?</span></i><span style="color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">”</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">These are English words, and they
rather missed out on a phonetic shift than took part in one. As you well know,
the conservative nature of English spelling preserves the Middle English
spirant /x/ that was once found in these three words: <i>right</i> /rixt/, <i>night</i>
/nixt/, <i>nought</i> /noxt/. I’ll add <i>eight</i> /ext/ to this lexical set,
too. The phonemic transcriptions I have given are (roughly) Middle English. At
the end of the 13<sup>th</sup> century, the clusters /ext/ and /oxt/ developed
a diphthong giving /eixt/ and /nouxt/ (hence the spelling!). </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">South of the Humber
(except North-West Midlands) the spirant /x/ was lost in the course of the 15<sup>th</sup>
century. To retain the weight of the syllable, the vowel was lengthened
(“compensatory lengthening”): <i>right</i> /ri:t/, <i>night</i> /ni:t/, <i>eight</i>
/ait/, <i>nought</i> /naut/. After the Great Vowel Shift we see that the
original long monophthongs have become diphthongs, while the original
diphthongs have become monophthongs: <i>right</i> /rəit/, <i>night</i> /nəit/, <i>eight</i>
/ɛ:t/, <i>nought</i> /nɔ:t/ (ca. end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century). These
forms regularly change to their Modern “Standard” English forms. </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">In the North-West Midlands the
spirant /x/ was preserved much longer, in some places even as late as the 19<sup>th</sup>
century. Middle English <i>right</i> /rixt/ never became */ri:t/ as in Southern
English until after the Great Vowel Shift, when the North repeated the southern
change from /rixt/ to present day /ri:t/, but diphthongisation could no longer
happen. The same goes for <i>night</i>, of course. The North also differs in
having maintained the Middle English diphthong in <i>eight</i> /ɛɪt/ and <i>nought</i>
/nɜʊt/, while having monophthongs in words such as <i>hate</i> /e:t/ and <i>boat</i>
/bo:t/.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">These are all regular sound
developments of the English vocabulary, in which Scandinavian words also
participated once they were assimilated into the English language. I don’t
think the above examples show Scandinavian influence. </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">Dan
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium; color: navy;" lang="EN-GB">--------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">“From: Sandy Fleming <<a href="mailto:sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk" target="_blank">sandy@fleimin.demon.co.uk</a>></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">Subject: LL-L "Language history"
2009.07.23 (02) [EN]</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">Andy wrote about how different Norse
influences came to different parts of the British Isles.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">Would I be right in thinking that these ideas
are historically motivated or can the linguistic influences be traced?</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">I was wondering in particular if the 'reet,
neet, nowt' of north east England can be traced to certain parts of Scandinavia,
as opposed to the 'richt, nicht, nocht' of Scotland and presumably other parts
of the island (presuming that the 'gh' of English was at one time pronounced
like the 'ch' of Scots, that is).</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">Was the 'reet, neet, nowt' imported from Scandinavia or is it merely phonetic shift?</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB">Sandy Fleming</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Gentium;" lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://scotstext.org/" target="_blank">Http://scotstext.org/</a>”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p>
<br><br><br>
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