<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===========================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 02 August 2009 - Volume 02<br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands@lowlands-l.net" target="_blank">lowlands@lowlands-l.net</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/" target="_blank">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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===========================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI"><span class="gD" style="color: rgb(121, 6, 25);">Diederik Masure</span> <span class="go"><<a href="mailto:didimasure@hotmail.com">didimasure@hotmail.com</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI">LL-L "Language history" 2009.07.30 (01) [EN]<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The a/e-wechsel is indeed a twofold problem, or actually a threefold if
we also take laag/leeg, but that's indeed a case of umlaut which stands
mostly on itself as it's the only umlaut of long â which reached so far
west it influenced Afrikaans. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
 </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
About the long ee/aa in peerd/paard and more: this sound was probably
èè in older Dutch, and still is in 90% of Duch dialects (or in variants
as ee, eê, iê etc). Even modern dialect atlasses only show /aa/ in the
South-Holland area. The long aa in words of this group (heerd/haard
'hearth', geern/gaarne German 'gerne', eerd(e)/aarde 'earth',
zweerd/zwaard 'sword', hering/haring 'herring', kleer/klaar
'ready/clear', lanteern/lantaarn 'lantern', weerd/waard 'worth',
steert/staart 'tail') and a few more. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
 </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Anyway, this /aa/ in Standard Dutch seems to be due to the fact that
the Holland dialects where standard Dutch came to exist and started to
be spoken, had the ingvaeonic aa -> èè shift, so words like schaap
(sheep), jaar (year) etcetera were pronounced scheep, jeer etc., the
sound in steert, peerd, heerd probably coincided with this. So when
those old Hollanders started speaking more and more standard-Dutch they
probably started replacing all these e-like sounds with /aa/ (supported
by the ae-spelling for èè that could occur in paerd and such already
too in some traditions). </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
So the dialects in southern Holland now almost all have standard /aa/
in jaar, schaap, and parallel staart, paard, but in North Holland the
archaic dialects of old people still have jeer, scheep and thus also
peerd, steert and so on. In hardly any autochthonous dialect outside
the southern Hollandish dialect is the sound in peerd, eerd, hering
identical to that in schaap, laten, jaar and ander a-words. Earlier
mentioned limburgian paerd contrasts with joôr, schoôp etc so this
a-like sound doesn't say anything as any long a changed to o-like
sounds. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
 </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">So about the short a/e before r, this is much more complicated as St. Dutch is completely inconsistent here. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Some eastern'ish dialects (eg. Brabant) have changed all historical
/er/ and /ar/ to /er/, later around antwerp this changed to /ar/ or
/aer/ depending on the following sound, but still no disinction is made
between etymological er and ar. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
There are also dialect areas where /er/ was changed to /ar/, or /or/,
so when standard Dutch was made, sometimes they chose the historical e
or a, sometimes the dialectform with the "wrong" vowel. Eg. 'hart'
(heart) is still 'hert(e)' in very many dialects and the e is
historical here, but somehow now Dutch has come to prefer the /a/. But
zerk (gravestone) compared to German sark shows that it was an /a/, but
here the form with /e/ from one of the /ar/->/er/ dialects is
chosen. /or/-forms are pretty rare in Standard Dutch as they didnt have
much tradition in middle Dutch and come from less prestigious dialects,
but eg. tornen < ternen (dunno the English translation). </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
As afrikaans is not from 1 dialect completely the situation about /ar/
vs /er/ might also be a bit a mess historically speaking, as it might
have chosen some words from an ar -> er dialect and some from a er
-> ar dialect. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Schönefelt's historical grammar of dutch might be interesting reading as it goes a bit more in-depth on this i think. </span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888">
 <br>
Diederik Masure, since 5 days Bergen (Norway)</font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI"><br>----------<br><br></span><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="http://uk.mc264.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=sassisch@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span></font><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Subject: Language history<br><br></span></font><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Diederik:</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">tornen < ternen (dunno the English translation). <br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">'to meddle'</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Seattle, USA</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">P.S.: Diederik, have you checked out the Hanseatic Museum and other Hanseatic sites in Bergen (e.g. Bryggen, St. John's Church)?</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Folks, check out Bryggen, the old Hanseatic quarters, with a video as well: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen</a></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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