<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===========================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 08 August 2009 - Volume 01<br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands@lowlands-l.net">lowlands@lowlands-l.net</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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===========================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="http://uk.mc264.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=sassisch@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Etymology<br><br>Dear Lowlanders,<br><br>I am wondering if Dutch <i>vaak</i> and Low Saxon <i>faken ~ vaken ~ faak ~ vaak</i> for 'often' have spread from Frisian substrata in these languages.<br><br>Old English: <i><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">oft, oftrǽde</b>, <b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">þiclīce</b></i></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Modern English: <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>often</i></b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><i>, frequently</i></span><br>
<br>Old German: <i><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">ofto, oftlīhho</b>, <b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">dikki, dikko</b></i><br>Modern German: <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>oft</i></b>,<i> </i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>oftmals</i></b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><br>
<br>Old Frisian: <i><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">faken</b>, <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">ofta, oftalik</b></i><br>Modern W. Frisian: <i><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">faak</b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">, </span><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">faken</b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">, </span><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">fakentiden</b><br>
</i>Modern N. Frisian: <b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><i>fäk</i></b><br><br>Old Low Frankish: <b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><i>thikko</i></b><br>Middle Dutch: </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">vaeken</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Modern Dutch: <i><b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">vaak</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i>, <b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">dikwijls</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i></i><br>
Afrikaans: <b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><i>dikwels</i></b><br>Limburgish: </span></font><b style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><font size="2">dèk, </font><font size="2">dèks</font></i></b><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><br>Old Saxon:</span></font><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>oft</i></b>,<i> </i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>ofto</i></b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Middle Saxon: <b style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><i>vake, vakene</i></b><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>, <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">offten</b></i></span><br>
Modern Low Saxon: </span></font><b style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"> </span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i>faken ~ vaken ~ faak ~ vaak</i></span></font></b><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">oftins, öftins</b><br>
<br></i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Gothic:</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">ufta</b><br></i><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><br>
Old Norse: <b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><i>opt</i></b></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><br>Modern Icelandic: <i><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">oft, oftlega</b></i><br>
Modern Faroese: <i style="color: rgb(51, 102, 102);"><b>ofta</b></i><br>Dano-Norwegian</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">: <i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b>ofte</b></i></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Modern Danish: <i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b>ofte</b></i></span></font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">Neo-Norwegian</span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL">: <i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b>ofte</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b><br>
</b></i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Modern Swedish: </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b>ofta</b></i></span></font><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b></b></i><i style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><b><br>
</b></i><br></span></font><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">What might the etymology of the </span><i style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>faak</b></i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"> </i>group be? It seems to be specific to the Frisian-Dutch-Saxon group.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The </span><b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>thik</i></b><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">group (which may be etymologically related to the modern "thick" group) seems to be specific to the Frankish group but is also represented in Old English.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The </span><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="NL"><i><b style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">oft</b></i></span></font><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> group appears to be common to all but the Low Frankish group of language varieties. It may well be etymologically connected with word groups like "over" (thus "excessive(ly)") and German </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">üppig</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'abundant', 'ample', 'copious', 'profuse'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks in advance.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Seatt;e, USA</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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