<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===========================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 25 August 2009 - Volume 01<br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands@lowlands-l.net">lowlands@lowlands-l.net</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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===========================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI"><span class="gD" style="color: rgb(0, 104, 28);">Roger Thijs, Euro-Support, Inc.</span> <span class="go"><<a href="mailto:roger.thijs@euro-support.be">roger.thijs@euro-support.be</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI">LL-L Language education<br><br></span><div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<font size="2">I read in "Het Belang van Limburg" of yesterday that
<strong>Latin</strong> is gaining popularity in Limburgish school, while
(classical)Â <strong>Greec</strong> is on the decline:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/tmp/ols/lat1.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/tmp/ols/lat1.jpg</a></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2"><a href="http://www.euro-support.be/tmp/ols/lat2.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.euro-support.be/tmp/ols/lat2.jpg</a></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I could not resist for getting a couple of old books from the
dust.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">I have thrown away all my books of Latin and Greec from
my secondary school time, except for my <strong>grammars</strong> and
<strong>dictionaries</strong> of Greec and Latin. As we belonged to the
bishopric of Liège at the time, our books came from Dessain in Liège and were
translations of publications by the same from the French. French books are
pretty much focussed on details, which has advantages for some freaks, but
eventually makes it difficult to find one's way.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">At the time (<u>fifties & early sixties</u>) we had a
simple school system:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">a - ages 4-6: 2 yrs: papschool = bewaarschool
=Â kleuterschool - Kindergarten, teached by a "Freubel" (language:
<strong>Belgian Dutch mixed with Limburgish</strong>)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">b - ages 6-12: 6 yrs: pimary school (in <strong>Belgian
Dutch</strong>), 2d language <strong>French</strong> starting at 5th yr:
with 4 hrs/week in both 5th and 6th year</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">c - ages 12-18: 6 yrs: secundary school, with a choice
between:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Â - technical education:
"<strong>ambachtschool"</strong></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Â - more theoretical education:
"<strong>humaniora".</strong></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">At the college of Tongeren we had two humanioras:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Â - <strong>Latin Greec</strong></font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">Â - <strong>Modern</strong> (with English already from the
2d year on, and with more maths and trade related topics)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">It was a tradition that the kids with good results were
drained towards Latin-Greec (for getting a reserve of potential
Roman-Catholic priests I guess; also physicians needed to know some Latin,
although their handwriting was generally that bad, that it didn't matter what
language it was.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">My middle school was "Our Lady's College" in
Tongeren.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">The terminology at the time:</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">- <strong>College</strong>: RC middle school for boys (in
Tongeren run by the bishopric)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">- <strong>Lyceum:</strong> RC middle school for girls (in
Tongeren run by the sisters of the Benedictine order)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">- <strong>Atheneum:</strong> Public middle school (boys and
girls)</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">For the Technical middle schools (Ambachtschool,
Vakschool)Â I don't remember exacly. For the RC girls it was run by the
Picpus sisters in an estate where the "Little Jesus of Prague" was venerated.
The poor guy disappeared, since there are no susters Picpus anymore in Tongeren.
Last year I found an exact replica of his statue in the Franciscan church
on Kalaupapa, Molokaï.</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">["<strong>College</strong>" is also the name for some
buildings at Leuven university. Most of them are used for lodging
students.]</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font size="2">As for the languages we got for language hours at the
"</font><font size="2"><strong>Grieks-Latijse Humaniora</strong>":</font></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1th year - <u>6e Latijnse</u>Â <strong>Latin</strong> 9 hrs/week,
<strong>Dutch</strong> 6 hrs, <strong>French</strong> 5 hrs<br>2d year - <u>5e
Grieks-Latijnse</u> <strong>Latin</strong> 6 hrs, <strong>Greec</strong> 5 hrs,
<strong>Dutch</strong> 5 hrs, <strong>French</strong> 5 hrs<br>3d year - <u>4e
Grieks-Latijnse</u> <strong>Latin</strong> 6 hrs,<strong> Greec </strong>4 hrs,
<strong>Dutch</strong> 5 hrs, <strong>French </strong>5 hrs<br>4th year - <u>3e
Grieks Latijnse</u> <strong>Latin</strong> 6 hrs, <strong>Greec </strong>4 hrs,
<strong>Dutch</strong> 4 hrs, <strong>French</strong> 4 hrs<br>5th year -
<u>Poësis</u>: <strong>Latin </strong>6 hrs, <strong>Greec</strong> 4 hrs,
<strong>Dutch </strong>4 hrs, <strong>French </strong>4 hrs,
<strong>English</strong> 1 hr,<strong> German</strong> 1 hr<br>6th year -
<u>Rethorica</u>:Â <strong>Latin </strong>6 hrs, <strong>Greec </strong>4
hrs, <strong>Dutch </strong>4 hrs, <strong>French</strong> 4 hrs,
<strong>English</strong> 1 hr, <strong>German </strong>1 hr</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">All other subjects were thought <strong>in Dutch</strong> (That had
been in French in Tongeren till about 1910, and mixed, with some in French
and some in Dutch, in the period 1910-1925, dates are approximative)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Playground and street language was <strong>Tongerlands Limburgish</strong>.
"Dialects" were incidentally referred to in courses of Dutch, but I think we
learned more about Attic, Doric and Ionic dialect varieties of Classical Greec
than of dialect varieties of Low Franconian.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Most of us went to school with a bus connection or with the bike in
the summer. Towns were often situated at a mutual distance of about 20 kms (4
hours of walking). I lived at 9 kms from Tongeren, 15 kms from Hasselt, 6 kms
from Borgloon. Borgloon had a College, but no bus connection with our
village).</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Exam Quotations for Latin and Greec<br><strong>language</strong> (including
translations seen during the year): 50 percent<br><strong>vertaling</strong>:
translation of new unfamiliar text from the foreign language into Dutch: 25
percent<br><strong>opstel</strong>: translation from Dutch into foreign
language: 25 percent<br>All exams were with closed books; eventually a couple of
new words were explained.<br>I remember we once had to translate, for exam, a
Latin text with "virtus" occuring repetively with a variation of meanings.It may
have been a literary pearl, but as new text for an exam it was pure
sadism.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Most teachers of Latin and Greec were parish priests of the villages around
Tongeren, allowing them to earn some extra dimes for their teaching hours.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I learned that in later years, for attracting more public, they softened
the program:</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">- translations at exams only from Latin and Greec into Dutch, not
inversely</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">- reduction of the freaky details, even up to skipping the Greec verbs on
-mi. </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Below I translitterate words in Greec, since I see only squares when the
message comes back otherways.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Our Greec grammar was somehow a comparative grammar with Latin. We learned
Greec (grammar) somehow as a variation of Latin (grammar). I just would like to
illustrate how this fits (in 5 dimensions)Â using the:</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br><strong>Conjugation of the verbs</strong></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">a - basically with <strong>suffixes</strong>, <strong>no auxiliary
verbs</strong></div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">b - though the reflexive forms are not with suffixes, but with
pronouns<br>c - <strong>gender independent</strong><br>d - <strong>no changes in
the roots</strong> (no umlauts nor consonant shifts, at least not in written
standard language),<br>except for a set of duplication rules of the initial
consonant for the Perfectum in Greec.<br>also except in Greec for contractions
of vowels between root and suffix for verbs on a-oo, e-oo and o-oo.<br>e - For
Greec I do not include <strong>accents</strong>, for some aorist forms though
the distiction comes from the accents only.<br>We were not used to write
accents, except for the spiritus asper since it addes an "h".</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1 - Forms</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Latin<br><strong>activum</strong> - bedrijvende vorm - active
voice:Â Â amo: I love<br><strong>passivum</strong> - lijdende vorm -
passive voice: amor: I am loved<br>(deponens verbs: passive voice with active
significance:Â Â hortor: I encourage)<br>For the <strong>reflexive
forms</strong> one uses pronouns, as (in <u>acc. masc</u>. here): me ipsum
(myself), te ipsum (yourself), eum ipsum (himself)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Greek<br><strong>activum</strong> - bedrijvende vorm - active voice: luoo:
I untie, I release, I unlink / lusoo: I will untie<br><strong><u>medium</u>
-</strong> mediale vorm - middle voice: luomai: I untie (for myself) / lusomai:
I will untie (for myself)<br><strong>passivum</strong> - lijdende vorm - passive
voice: luomai: I am untied / lutèsomai: I will be untied<br>I have added the
futurum since the praesens is identical for medium and passivum.<br>The passivum
developped from the medium; some medium forms have a passivum
significance.<br><u>Attention</u>: medium does not mean<strong>
reflexive</strong>; therefore one uses pronouns, as (in <u>acc. masc.</u> here):
em-auton (myself), se-auton (yourself), hé-auton (himself)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">2 - Number</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Latin<br><strong>singular</strong> - enkelvoud: amo: I
love<br><strong>Plural -</strong> meervoud: amamus: We love</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Greek<br><strong>Singular</strong>: lueis: you
untie<br><strong><u>Dualis</u>:</strong> lueton: you two
untie<br><strong>Plural:</strong> luete: you (plural) untie<br>(The dualis only
exist for the 2d and 3 person, nothing for a split personality:<br>Â it also
exists for the medium and passive tenses)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">3 - Person</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Latin<br><strong>1th</strong>: amo:<strong> I</strong>
love<br><strong>2d:</strong> amas: <strong>You (singular)</strong>
loves<br><strong>3d:</strong> amat: <strong>(he/she)</strong> loves</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Greec<br><strong>1th</strong>: luoo: I untie<br><strong>2d:</strong> lueis:
you untie<br><strong>3d:</strong> luei: he unties</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">4 - Tenses - Tijden</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Latin:</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Imperfect tenses - Onvoltooide tijden<br><strong>Praesens</strong>: amo: I
love<br><strong>Imperfectum:</strong> amabam: I
loved<br><strong>Futurum:</strong> amabo: I will love</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Perfect tenses - Voltooide tijden<br><strong>Perfectum:</strong> amavi: I
have loved<br><strong>Plusquanperfectum</strong>: amaveram: I had
loved<br><strong>Futurum exactum</strong>: amavero: I will have loved</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Greec:</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Primary tenses:<br><strong>Praesens</strong>: luoo: I
untie<br><strong>Futurum:</strong> lusoo: I will
untie<br><strong>Perfectum:</strong>Â <strong>le</strong>luka: I have
untied (Comment: complex set of <strong>reduplication</strong> rules for the
initial consonant; also for initial vowels of a few verbs, the latter called
<strong>Attical reduplication</strong>)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Futurum exactum</strong> (in passive tense):
<strong>le</strong>lusomai: I will be been untied</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Secundary tenses (the "e" preceeding consonnants is called
"<strong>syllabical augment</strong>", with some verbs it is an "èta"
though)<br><strong>Imperfectum</strong>: <strong>e</strong>luon: I
untied<br><strong><u>Aorist</u></strong>: <strong>el</strong>usa: I have
untied<br><strong>Plusquamperfetum</strong>: <strong>e</strong>lelukein I had
untied</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The Perfectum and Aorist are translated by the same in Dutch. <br>For more
info about the aorist I take the easy way for explaining:<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorist" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorist</a><br>I
don't remember what I would have used (between Perfectum and Aorist) for
translating from Dutch into old Greec.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">5 - Mood - Wijze</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Latin:</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Personal moods:<br><strong>indicative:</strong>Â amas: you
love<br><strong>conjunctive:</strong>Â ames: you would/may
love<br><strong>imperative:</strong>Â ama: love (sing.)<br>Comment: The
imperative Presens has only a form for the 2d person, the futurum though has
both 2d and 3d person, sing. as well as plural.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Unpersonal moods :<br><strong>infinitive:</strong> amare to love (inf.
perfectum: amavisse: to have loved; the futurum uses an <strong><u>auxiliary
verb</u></strong>: amaturum/am esse: to will
love)<br><strong>participium</strong>: presens: amans, loving; futurum:
amaturus, will be loving)<br><strong>supinum:</strong> amatum: for loving;
amatu: to be loved<br><strong>gerundium</strong> (acc.): amandum: for
loving<br><strong>gerundivum</strong> (pass tense only): amandus: who has to be
loved.<br>(Attention: subjective to declension, similar as adjectives; except
for the infinitive)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br>Greec:<br><strong>Indicative:</strong> lueis: you
untie<br><strong>Conjunctive:</strong> luès: you would/may
untie<br><strong>Optative</strong>: luois: you wish to
untie<br><strong>Imperative</strong>: lue, luetoo, luete, luontoon (Praesens, 2d
sing, 3d sing, 2d plur, 3d plural)<br>Â Â Â Â Â The
imperative also has an Aorist.<br><strong>Infinitive:</strong>
luein<br><strong>Participium</strong>:Â luoon (etc., subjective to
declension, similar as adjectives)</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">I had to simplify a few things.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Â </div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</div>
<div style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Roger</div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
•
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