<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===========================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 18 October 2009 - Volume 02<br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands@lowlands-l.net">lowlands@lowlands-l.net</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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===========================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From: R. F. Hahn <</font><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">><br>
Subject: Lexicon<br><br></font><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CRon%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><style>
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<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Dear Lowlanders,<br>
<br>
Talking about language contacts ...<br>
<br>
It is certainly not true to say that “basic,” “small” words are not adopted
from one language to another. <br></span></p><p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);"><br></span></p><p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Looking at words for the conjunction “and” alone,
there is the glaring example of supposedly Arabic-derived <i>wa</i> (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) in
numerous languages throughout Africa and Asia.
In many cases, such as in the Turkic branch of Altaic, it may be said that it was a novel word, where
previously simple enumerations or equivalents of “with” and the like were used.
In other cases <i>wa</i> came to replace native equivalents, such as <i>ve</i>
replacing Old Iranian <i>utā</i> in the Iranian group of Indo-Iranian, a branch
of Indo-European.<br>
<br>
Germanic words for “and” can be found as well.<br>
<br>
One example is supposedly German-derived (<i>und</i> >) <i>unt</i> in
northern dialects of Sinti Romani, an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family.<br>
<br>
In Draveno-Polabian (an extinct West Slavic language of the eastern Lunenburg
Heath) there is <i>un</i>, undoubtedly imported from Low Saxon (<i>un</i> < <i>unde</i>).<br>
<br>
Which brings me to <i>un</i> in Latvian and closely related Baltic varieties
that are by some considered Latvian dialect groups. Theoretically, I would
expect *<i>be</i> to be the word for "and" there. But ... Please see the lists below, given in English
and German because the names are little known and diverge considerably:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">[noun</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">] <b>and</b> <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">[noun</span>]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51);"></span></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Eastern Baltic:</span></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Old Prussian [Prūsiskan</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">: </span><b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">be</span></b><i></i></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Western Baltic:</span></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sudovian (Yotvingian) [Sūdaviskas]: <b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">be</span></b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">, <b>ba</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Lithuanian [Lietuvių]: <b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">bei</span></b></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style=""></span></span><ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Samogitian
(Žemaitėška): <b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">ė</span></b></span></li></ul></ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Latvian [Latviešu]: <b><span style="color: rgb(165, 1, 1);">un</span></b></span></li></ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style=""></span>Latgalian
[Latgalīšu]: <b><span style="color: rgb(165, 1, 1);">un</span></b></span></li></ul></ul><ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style=""></span>New
Curonian [Kursenieku valoda]: <b><span style="color: rgb(165, 1, 1);">un</span></b></span></li></ul></ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">[Nomen</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">] <b>und</b> <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">[</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Nomen</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51);"></span>]</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br></span></p><p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">Ostbaltisch:</span></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);" lang="SV">Altpreußisch [Prūsiskan</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="SV">]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51);">: </span><b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">be</span></b><i></i></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 51, 51);" lang="SV">Westbaltisch:</span></p>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="SV">Jatwingisch (Sudauisch)
[Sūdaviskas]: <b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">be</span></b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">, <b>ba</b></span></span></li></ul><ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Litauisch [Lietuvių]: <b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">bei</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style=""></span>Schemaitisch
(Žemaitėška): <b><span style="color: rgb(84, 104, 102);">ė</span></b></span></li></ul></ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT">Lettisch
[Latviešu]: <b><span style="color: rgb(165, 1, 1);">un</span></b></span></li></ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT"><span style=""></span>Lettgallisch [Latgalīšu]: <b><span style="color: rgb(165, 1, 1);">un</span></b></span></li></ul>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT"><span style=""></span>Nehrungskurisch [Kursenieku valoda]:
<b><span style="color: rgb(165, 1, 1);">un</span></b></span></li></ul></ul>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IT"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Question: Did the Latvian group import the word from (Low)
Saxon or from German? (Some German dialects have <i>un</i> instead of <i>und</i>,
as does Yiddish, though I hardly think that this is a Yiddish loan.)</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By the way, Latvian <i>jā</i> for ‘yes’ and Lithuanian <i>jo</i>
for casual ‘yes’ ('yep') are clearly Germanic loans as well, as is <i>jah</i> 'yes' in
Estonian, a Uralic language. Likely donor candidates are (Low) Saxon and
Scandinavian in my opinion.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Are there opinions and information among you that might
shed additional light onto this?</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Seattle</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
USA</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<p>
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